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Yes or no to the reopening of the Belianske Tatras for tourism?
(Mendelova univerzita v Brně : Brno, 2025) Piscová, Veronika; Sedlák, Andrej; Ševčík, Michal; Hreško, Juraj; Slobodová, Terézia; Vitálišová, Katarína
In recent decades, recreational intensity in protected areas has increased considerably. Due to the impact of climate change, tourists are increasingly looking for alpine areas where the climate is cooler. Therefore, the question arises whether to open the limestone Belianske Tatras, which have been closed to tourists since 1978 due to destruction by mass tourism, again. Alpine ecosystems are generally considered to be sensitive and fragile to disturbance and slow to recover, due to short growing season and a harsh climate, in combination with poor soil conditions. In 1993, the National Park/Biosphere Reserve Administration opened one one-way hiking trail in the territory, since 2009 it has been accessible in both directions. However, it turns out that human recreational activities, such as walking, cause direct mechanical disturbance of natural ecosystems with undesirable effects on vegetation. That's why we conducted experimental trampling in the territory with monitoring of regeneration in selected communities, in 2008 in original communities and in 2022 in regenerated communities. The results showed that although communities respond somewhat more resiliently to trampling, this is at the expense of losing some species, with mosses and lichens responding with a delayed response and species loss.
Visitor management as a strategy increasing resilience of urban destinations
(Vydavateľstvo Ekonóm : Bratislava, 2025) Kvasnová, Diana; Gajdošíková, Zuzana; Marčeková, Radka; Gabajová, Kristína
The rapid growth of urban tourism in Slovakia highlights the need for effective visitor management to ensure sustainability and resilience. This study examines the implementation of visitor management tools in Slovak urban destinations, focusing on their role in mitigating negative tourism impacts. Using cluster analysis, cities were classified according to their life cycle stages, identifying opportunities and barriers for visitor management implementation. Data was gathered through structured questionnaires and expert interviews. The findings reveal a lack of systematic visitor management, emphasizing the need for data-driven strategies and digital innovations. The study offers policy recommendations to enhance urban tourism resilience and sustainability.
Ľudský kapitál a ekonomický rast v krajinách EÚ: Je verejná podpora financovania významná?
(Vysoká škola ekonomická : Praha, 2024) Pisár, Peter; Honzová, Stanislava
"The importance of human capital development is currently becoming a key determinant of a country's prosperity on an economic and social level. The aim of the paper is to examine the impact of human capital on the economic growth of EU countries, with the potential of using public financing support mechanisms. Based on the results of the studies, we can evaluate that the development of human capital is an important and necessary factor in the growth of national well-being, and the positive impact of the development of human capital on employment, education, the environment, innovation, labor productivity and company prosperity are also proven. The main determinants of human capital development are education and employment. Financing human capital has a positive effect in the long term. Statistically significant variables for economic growth are investments in research and development and support for secondary education. Returning resources from the EU represent an activation means for the growth of jobs and the long-term development of the country."
Dopady digitálneho veku na človeka ako pracovnú silu a spotrebiteľa - prehľadový článok
(Vysoká škola ekonomická : Praha, 2024) Ľapinová, Erika
In our contribution, we deal with the effects of such phenomena of the contemporary economy and society as computerization and digitalization (industrial revolution 4.0), and their effects on people as a workforce or consumer. In the theoretical part, we will present the essence of technological innovations such as digitization, 4.0 and 5.0 industrial revolution and the spectrum of their impacts on the sphere of labour market and consumption. In the analytical part of our contribution, we realised the literature review of the latest research sources and political-conceptual documents about problematics of digitalization and its impact on labour market in the first case, and on consumption and circular economy in the second case. In the literature review we focused specifically on the sources of international institutions such as the EU, ILO, OECD and subsequently, we will focus specifically on the Slovak and Czech environment, on the Czech and Slovak national empirical and political documents.
Platená práca vykonávaná v domácnosti zamestnanca v postkovidovom období
(Sciendo : Warsaw, 2024) Slivka Bedlovičová, Jana
The present paper deals with the legal aspects of paid work performed by an employee in his/her home in the Slovak Republic, as a counterpart to unpaid domestic work. The aim of the present paper is not only the theoretical definition of the conceptual apparatus of the possibilities of performing paid work by an employee in the household but also the analysis of the institutes mentioned above and the changes in the legislation influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Subsequently, the present paper discusses the use of paid work in the above forms in the home in the post-Covid period. The results of the analysis demonstrate that there are several contingencies within the legal regulation of paid work performed in the employee's household, which have their specificities envisaged by the legislation and for which the legal regulation presupposes the fulfillment of different requisites and various scopes of rights and obligations of the parties to the employment relationship. However, it is necessary to note that, in practical terms, the boundaries between the institutes in question are 'blurring'.
Vybrané faktory kontrahovania a ich vplyv na kontrahovanie vo verejnom sektore
(Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach, 2024) Murínová, Kristína
Findings of domestic and foreign authors on the topic of contracting out public services in the 21. century point to an unclear effect of contracting out on the cost of public services. Studies turn to factors, which can influence contracting out – whether the cost effectiveness of quality of the service. The aim of the paper is to identify the effect of 3 factors – contracted service market concentration, transaction costs connected with contracting and consumer sensitivity to market competitiveness. The paper analyzes the effect of these factors through the examination of existing studies and in the case of market concentration analyzes the effect of the factor in the environment of Slovak municipalities. Through the analysis of the environment of slovak municipalities, we find that market concentration is very high and unless we differentiate between 2 types of producers, we find no effect of this factor on contracting out. Transaction costs and consumer sensitivity to market competitiveness were analyzed through a literature review of the current studies, upon which we identify the possible methodology for future primary research. Transaction costs, based on the findings of different studies, prove to be difficult to measure and in cases where this was possible, they are very high. Consumer sensitivity to market competitiveness can have an effect on the decision making of the municipality during the procurement process.
Evaluating the impact of bee bread extract on transcriptional profiles in primary rat osteoblasts
(Slovak University of Agriculture : Nitra, 2025) Mondočková, Vladimíra; Kováčová, Veronika; Biro, Roman; Pénzes, Noémi; Budzák, Šimon; Capcarová, Marcela; Martiniaková, Monika; Omelka, Radoslav
Bee Bread (BB) is a fermented natural product rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Research in a rat model showed its potential to enhance diabetic bone structure, suggesting benefits for bone disorders. The aim of this in vitro study was to analyse the effects of BB extract on gene expression in osteoblasts. BB extract was prepared via methanol extraction, filtration, and evaporation, then dissolved in cell culture medium. It was applied to rat osteoblasts at 10, 100, and 200 μg/ml, with untreated medium as a control. After 72 hours, mRNA was extracted, cDNA synthesized, and the expression of 15 target genes (RUNX2, BMP2, BMP7, TGFB1, TGFBR1, BGLAP, ALPL, SPP1, VDR, COL1A1, IBSP, CDH11, VEGFA, TNFSF11, TNFRSF11B) analyzed using real-time PCR, with five reference genes (TBP, HPRT1, PGK1, B2M, LDHA). BB extract upregulated RUNX2, BMP7, TGFBR1, and ALPL in all groups. Dose-dependent effects included increased TGFB1, BMP2, and VDR in BB10; CDH11 in BB10 and BB100; TNFRSF11B in BB100 and BB200; and BGLAP and VEGFA in BB200. SPP1 was downregulated in BB10 and BB100, while TNFSF11, COL1A1, and IBSP remained unchanged. These findings indicate BB extract promotes osteoblast differentiation, bone mineralization, and osteogenesis while inhibiting bone resorption, demonstrating its potential for bone health and therapy.
Slovakian experience with the preservation of autochthonous agricultural varieties
(Sveučilište u Rijeci : Rijeka, 2025) Medveďová, Petra
At the beginning of the 18th century, the area of vineyards in the territory of today's Slovakia was approximately 57,000 ha, at the end of the 20th century approximately 38,000 ha, and in 2023 it was just over 13,000 ha. The aim of the chapter is to map the situation of grapevine cultivation in Slovakia in the period from 2019 to 2023, when the National Support Program was implemented within the joint organization of the wine market. The chapter focuses on must grape varieties grown in wine-growing areas with an emphasis on the registered vineyard areas for traditional varieties and the perspective of new registered varieties. It turns out that in the conditions of the Slovak Republic, the restructuring of vineyards is a priority, as vineyards are not only productive, but also a cultural and landscape-forming element. It is necessary to invest primarily in vineyards by changing the varietal composition of the vineyard in order to plant high-quality varieties and varieties traditional for the given region, by changing the vines of the vineyard in order to plant a new vineyard with a changed vine and moving the vineyards to higher quality areas while maintaining the original area of the production vineyard. The quality of vineyard production, the share of wines with protected designation of origin and protected geographical indication, and also the competitiveness of Slovak wines should be increased.
Business research and development: Is there a substitution effect of public support?
(Academic Conferences Internatonal Limited Reading, UK, 2024) Pisár, Peter; Huňady, Ján; Honzová, Stanislava
The importance of research and development is reflected in the fact that one of the main priorities of the EU's development policies is increasing spending on research and development in EU member states (EC, 2010). Enterprises do not always have enough internal financial resources to launch their own innovation projects, and therefore they turn to external resource providers (Wang et al., 2016). The paper is aimed at examining the impact of corporate expenditures on R&D from the point of view of their funding sources and analysing the occurrence of the substitution effect of public support for R&D in EU 27 countries. These countries also have the highest level of public financing of research and development, that is, they use the public support of business innovations to the highest extent. The analysis showed that in the EU 27, the substitution effect of public support for research and development is not significant, or rather the complementarity of both types of expenditure prevails at the national level, as public funding of corporate research and development seems to have a positive effect on private research and development and investments. Our analysis is based on available secondary data for 27 EU member states. for a twenty-year observation period (2000-2020). The results have been achieved by using a methodology that includes cluster analysis, panel regression and correlation analysis. We bring new empirical evidence on the relationships between public support and business research and development expenditures. The research results showed the main sources of funding for corporate research and development. It concerns the business enterprises, government and abroad. The cluster analysis determined three clusters, divided according to the structure of the financing of R&D enterprises in EU countries. The results of the cluster analysis were partially in line with the current results of the European Innovation Review. Our findings provide policy implications for the public support policy.
Digital transformation and digital readiness of businesses in Slovakia and the EU
(Vysoká škola ekonomická : Praha, 2024) Ľapinová, Erika
Digitalization is one of the most actual trends in Slovakia and the EU, it affects the social and economic environment in many ways. Both Slovakia and Europe have set strategic goals in this area and tools to fulfill them. Looking at the results of measuring the level of digitization using the DESI index, Slovakia lags behind the European average in many aspects. We don't even have a lot of data on the real level of digitization of businesses and the needs in this area in Slovakia. Data are not monitored in official statistical surveys to the required extent. However, there are some surveys or examples of successful Slovak practice that monitor the level of digitization and digital transformation and from which the needs of companies in the subject area can also be identified. The aim of our contribution in the theoretical part is to summarize the basic principles of digitalization of businesses and their importance, clarify main EU and national strategic documents of digitalization. In the analytical part, we aim to bring information about the availability of data and present some key data importance of digitization for the businesses, about the threats and opportunities which digitalization brings for them.
Behavioral experiments in public sector
(Mendelova univerzita v Brně, 2024) Murray Svidroňová, Mária; Jakuš Muthová, Nikoleta
In this paper we present preliminary results of a research project aimed at mapping the preferences of young people in the areas of public sector such as housing, employment and commuting. To do so we will employ methods of behavioral economics and experiments. First of all, we did a bibliometric analysis of studies dealing with behavioral experiments in the selected areas to reveal a gap for future research. We focused on a time period of 2010–2023. For mapping we used VosViewer and data from the Web of Science database. Results indicate that even there are some experiments done in the areas of housing, employment or commuting, there is no methodology based on behavioral economics to reveal the preferences of young people in these areas.
Sustainable tourism development in the UNESCO destination Levoča, Spišký hrad castle and surrounding monuments
(Panevropská univerzita Praha, 2024) Kmeco, Ľubomir; Klímová, Monika; Chaloupková Košlíková, Petra; Marčeková, Radka
The basis of the sustainable development of human society are three pillars, namely social, economic and ecological. The aim of the papers is to characterize the possibilities of strategic development of tourism in the investigated UNESCO destination based on the analysis of supply and demand for tourism. The destination has an excellent offer of tourism, especially in the area of cultural heritage, which is represented by the unique monuments of the towns of Levoča and Spišská Podhradie, the location of Spišská Kapitula and Spišský hrad Castle. The tourism superstructure (number of accommodation facilities and their development in the period from 2001 to 2023), tourism infrastructure (museums, galleries, tourist and cycling trails, educational trails, etc.), tourism demand (number of accommodated guests and its development in the period 2001 – 2023, average length of stay, number of visitors to the SNM - Spisske Museum Levoča and its development in the period 1999 to 2023, etc.) are also examined in the papers. At the end of the paper, the appropriate forms of tourism that can be developed in this destination and the effects of the strategic development of tourism on the social, economic and ecological pillar of sustainable development are defined.
Key features for sustainable development strategy of the Poľana biosphere reserve
(EuroMed press : Zürich, 2024) Vitálišová, Katarína; Vavrúšová, Mária; Špulerová, Jana
Current global challenges highlight the need for smart use of limited resources and sustainable development of territories. Biosphere reserves as model territories represent an environment where biodiversity conservation with sustainable development is essential. These territories, based on the harmony of man and nature, should be smart managed through strategic spatial planning in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the current approach to the strategic planning of the biosphere reserves and on the example of the Poľana Biosphere Reserve to develop the key recommendations for its sustainable development strategy. The case study of Poľana Biosphere Reserve includes the SWOT analysis of the partial territorial potentials, which is supplemented by the assessment of the quality of life on its territory by its inhabitants through a questionnaire. The discussion and conclusion present a TOWS synthesis of the results of the analyses, based on which, together with examples of good practice, are formulated the key recommendations for the development strategy of the Poľana Biosphere Reserve.
Changes in the public policy of cultural and creative industries and in the cultural behaviour caused by COVID 19 pandemic in the Slovak Republic
(EuroMed press : Zürich, 2024) Vitálišová, Katarína; Rojíková, Darina; Vaňová, Anna; Dvořák, Jaroslav
The COVID 19 pandemic has significant impact on the economic, social and environmental development of the world. To the most affected areas belong cultural and creative industries, where the COVID 19 enhanced the great digital transformation on the one hand, but also the financial constraints on the other hand. Both stimulated the significant changes in the implemented public policies. The paper identifies the challenges raised by the COVID 19 pandemic in the public policy of cultural and creative industries and in behavior of cultural customers on the example of the Slovak Republic and to link them with the already implemented measures by the state as the respond of public policy. They can be seen as a new strategical approach to the development of cultural and creative industries, which the pandemic identified as one of the key weaknesses in the previous policy of the cultural and creative industries.
Opportunities for development of slow tourism in Poľana biosphere reserve
(EuroMed press : Zürich, 2024) Sýkorová, Katarína; Vaňová, Anna
Biosphere reserves are a specific type of protected area found around the world. Unlike other protected areas, they allow for socio-economic activities to take place within their valuable and unique natural conditions. The philosophy of UNESCO states that biosphere reserves are places for sustainable development. This paper focuses on the slow development (slow city) in the Poľana biosphere reserve in the Slovak Republic as a suitable approach to strengthen its development while protecting the unique environment. This paper aims to identify opportunities for the development of slow tourism in the Poľana biosphere reserve in the Slovak Republic through analysis of the territory, relevant sources, statistical data, and practices of foreign biosphere reserves. We believe that the gradual progress through slow tourism can help address not only the socio-economic issues of the area, but also facilitate the transition of the regional economy towards sustainable and resilient development. The primary research has identified that the Poľana biosphere reserve has a rich potential for the development of slow tourism. The region provides a wide range of exceptional products and experiences, but it requires assistance not only from local and regional stakeholders such as government officials, entrepreneurs, and citizens, but also from the central government. The paper presents partial results of the project APVV-20-0108 Implementation of Agenda 2030 through biosphere reserves in the Slovak Republic and VEGA 1/0343/23 Modern approaches to the development of cities and regions.
Impacts of Covid-19 pandemic on changes in consumer behavior in purchasing leisure products
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Veselovská, Lenka
The Covid-19 pandemic was a major adverse event that significantly changed the business environment. The research into effects of COVID-19 pandemic has provided many significant findings with drastic implications for societies worldwide. This paper strives to contribute to current pool of knowledge by providing information on how Slovak consumers changed their behavior during the pandemic and soon after its conclusion in relation to purchasing leisure products. The main aim of the research was to document consumer behavior changes during and after the COVID-19 pandemic with special focus on leisure products. The data used in this research is based on a survey that collected opinions and experiences of 987 consumers during various pandemic years enabling comparison with pre-pandemic situation, as well as different stages of the pandemic. Two hypotheses were formulated to direct the research. The findings indicate major changes in purchasing leisure products, however these changes manifested themselves differently throughout various years of the pandemic. Most consumers in every age group decrease the number of products that they bought during the pandemic. The biggest decrease can be observed in the age group of consumers ages between 30 and 39 years old since up to 60.91% of consumers decreased the number of products they bought during the pandemic. This change was more significant in 2021 and 2022. Furthermore, this research provides information on how different segments of consumers reacted and adapted their behavior. More than 40% of people between 30 and 39 years old made changes in buying leisure products during the pandemic. When asked to provide the reason for this behavior, up to 92% of consumers stated the pandemic itself. Fear as a possible source of influence was explored and based on research findings rejected.
An approach for setting a safe harbour for the loans based on freely available data: A reasonable way or just virtue out of necessity
(Vysoká škola báňská Technická univerzita Ostrava, 2024) Solilová, Veronika; Brychta, Karel; Ištok, Michal
With regards to strict laws outlined in the Income Tax Act and the lack of specific methodology/guidelines in the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines, taxpayers are experiencing significant legal ambiguity and high compliance costs when determining the transfer price of intercompany loans (i.e. transactions between associated persons). For this reason, a number of states have implemented simplified measures, known as “safe harbours“, which offer substantial advantages both for taxpayers and tax authorities. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a potential safe harbour strategy by assessing the predictive capabilities of the Bloomberg and Czech National Bank (CNB) databases in order to establish a safe harbour considering the conditions of the Czech Republic.
Income inequality of population in European countries during COVID-19
(Univerzita Hradec Králové, 2024) Ľapinová, Erika
The COVID-19 pandemic has serious economic and social consequences, including impacts on the socio-economic situation of households. In our contribution, we want to focus on the effects of the pandemic on the income inequality of the population of European countries and its causes. In the theoretical part, we present several studies that were created on the given issue, mainly at the international, but also at the national level from Slovakia, Czechia and other national states. We also clarify the difference in the results that the studies bring. In the analytical part, using indicators from the EU SILC surveys from the Eurostat database, we describe the development of the level and rate of income inequality in European countries in 2019-2021 (the last available data), which is last pre-pandemic and two pandemic years. We describe income inequality measured by the Gini coefficient and by median income. We describe the income level according to average income values. For comparison, we present data on income in euros vs. in PPS. The effects of the pandemic on the income inequality of European nations are very diverse, but common factors across European countries that had an impact on the development can be specified. We summarize these in the work. In conclusion, we point out, among other things, the importance of investigating the given issue, especially in the context of crisis developments or other turbulent changes in the European economic environment that await us prospectively.
Post-pandemic consumer behavior: reflecting on the COVID-19 pandemic lessons
(Niš : Complex system research centre, 2025) Veselovská, Lenka
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted societies all around the world. Currently, almost a year after the pandemic's conclusion, it is obvious that this period of adversity created changes that prevail. The main aim of this paper was to explore these changes and outline future trends in consumer behavior. The findings of this research are based on a survey conducted on a representative sample of consumers from the selected country. This method for collecting and processing data enabled the results to be based solely on consumers’ opinions and experiences. According to the data, the main aspect of consumer behavior that prevailed is the online shopping and preference for food delivery. The phenomenon that was important during the pandemic but disappeared completely was the preference for shopping unaccompanied.
Factors affecting adoption of artificial intelligence in SMEs and its impact on firm's skills needs
(Niš : Complex system research centre, 2025) Huňady, Ján
The paper deals with the problem of artificial intelligence (AI) adoption in companies. It aims to empirically examine factors affecting the adoption of AI. It also identifies factors influencing the potential effects of AI adoption on future infirm skills needs. There is currently an absence of research focused on examining this topic based on empirical data. The research is based on the secondary data from Flash Eurobarometer 537 (2023). More than 19,000 companies from 27 EU countries and 9 non-EU countries have been included in the sample. By examining these data, substantial systematic differences were found between companies with different characteristics. Factors affecting AI adoption and consequences on skills needed have been identified by logistic regression. The results suggest that larger companies with older employees located in cities, as well as those hiring adequate skills without any problems, are often adopting AI. Similar characteristics are also typical for companies that reported a significant effect of AI on their skill needs. However, in this case, the effect of community size and difficulties with hiring skills are not significant. Significant differences were also identified among industries and types of specific skills that a company lacks

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