06 Príspevky v zborníkoch

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A bidimensional model of central banking under deflationary pressures: evidence from Japan, Germany and Slovakia
(Vysoká škola ekonomická : Praha, 2025) Boďa, Martin; Zimka, Rudolf; Zimková, Emília
The contribution presents results of an application of a model of central banking in deflationary conditions based on the ideas defended by Asada (2011, Central banking and deflationary depression, a Japanese perspective) and Asada et al. (2016, The stability of normal equilibrium point and the existence of limit cycles in a simple Keynesian macrodynamic model of monetary policy). The model describes the equilibrium of nominal interest rates and expected price inflation. A correspoding approximate discrete analog is derived for the continuous-time model, and is estimated by using data for the Japanese, German and Slovak economy to describe the actual conditions in which these economies operate. Mathematical properties of the estimated model for each economy separately are studied with an emphasis for their use in economic policy planning and making.
An approach for setting a safe harbour for the loans based on freely available data: A reasonable way or just virtue out of necessity
(Vysoká škola báňská Technická univerzita Ostrava, 2024) Solilová, Veronika; Brychta, Karel; Ištok, Michal
With regards to strict laws outlined in the Income Tax Act and the lack of specific methodology/guidelines in the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines, taxpayers are experiencing significant legal ambiguity and high compliance costs when determining the transfer price of intercompany loans (i.e. transactions between associated persons). For this reason, a number of states have implemented simplified measures, known as “safe harbours“, which offer substantial advantages both for taxpayers and tax authorities. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a potential safe harbour strategy by assessing the predictive capabilities of the Bloomberg and Czech National Bank (CNB) databases in order to establish a safe harbour considering the conditions of the Czech Republic.
Barriers to unpaid work: Conceptual frameworks of Slovak households
(Evropská výzkumná univerzita : Ostrava, 2025) Kollár, Ján; Mazúrová, Barbora; Kováčiková, Vanesa
Despite technological progress and the growing availability of digital solutions that could potentially streamline the management and execution of unpaid work, many of these tasks continue to represent a significant temporal and psychological burden. This article aims to identify the forms of unpaid work currently carried out in Slovak households and to explore the barriers that hinder their completion. Based on primary data from an ongoing survey with over 400 respondents, the paper highlights time poverty, paid employment, and stress as key obstacles to performing domestic tasks. Our findings are consistent with international research that conceptualizes time poverty as a multidimensional and systemic social issue. The article also emphasizes the need to support flexible working arrangements and a fairer distribution of household labor, combined with public policy measures that do not underestimate the importance of mental health.
Behavioral experiments in public sector
(Mendelova univerzita v Brně, 2024) Murray Svidroňová, Mária; Jakuš Muthová, Nikoleta
In this paper we present preliminary results of a research project aimed at mapping the preferences of young people in the areas of public sector such as housing, employment and commuting. To do so we will employ methods of behavioral economics and experiments. First of all, we did a bibliometric analysis of studies dealing with behavioral experiments in the selected areas to reveal a gap for future research. We focused on a time period of 2010–2023. For mapping we used VosViewer and data from the Web of Science database. Results indicate that even there are some experiments done in the areas of housing, employment or commuting, there is no methodology based on behavioral economics to reveal the preferences of young people in these areas.
Business research and development: Is there a substitution effect of public support?
(Academic Conferences Internatonal Limited Reading, UK, 2024) Pisár, Peter; Huňady, Ján; Honzová, Stanislava
The importance of research and development is reflected in the fact that one of the main priorities of the EU's development policies is increasing spending on research and development in EU member states (EC, 2010). Enterprises do not always have enough internal financial resources to launch their own innovation projects, and therefore they turn to external resource providers (Wang et al., 2016). The paper is aimed at examining the impact of corporate expenditures on R&D from the point of view of their funding sources and analysing the occurrence of the substitution effect of public support for R&D in EU 27 countries. These countries also have the highest level of public financing of research and development, that is, they use the public support of business innovations to the highest extent. The analysis showed that in the EU 27, the substitution effect of public support for research and development is not significant, or rather the complementarity of both types of expenditure prevails at the national level, as public funding of corporate research and development seems to have a positive effect on private research and development and investments. Our analysis is based on available secondary data for 27 EU member states. for a twenty-year observation period (2000-2020). The results have been achieved by using a methodology that includes cluster analysis, panel regression and correlation analysis. We bring new empirical evidence on the relationships between public support and business research and development expenditures. The research results showed the main sources of funding for corporate research and development. It concerns the business enterprises, government and abroad. The cluster analysis determined three clusters, divided according to the structure of the financing of R&D enterprises in EU countries. The results of the cluster analysis were partially in line with the current results of the European Innovation Review. Our findings provide policy implications for the public support policy.
Čas dochádzania do a zo zamestnania ako determinant subjektívneho well-beingu zamestnaných osôb
(Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2025) Mazúrová, Barbora; Kollár, Ján; Chrančoková, Martina
Príspevok sa zaoberá vplyvom dochádzania do a zo zamestnania na subjektívny well-being (SWB) zamestnancov na Slovensku. Dochádzanie je každodennou realitou väčšiny pracujúcich, a to aj v postcovidovom období. Zámerom príspevku je kvantifikovať dĺžku času stráveného dochádzaním do a zo zamestnania a analyzovať jej vplyv na SWB nami skúmaných dochádzajúcich zamestnaných osôb na Slovensku. Na základe prieskumu, ktorý zahŕňal viac ako 1 000 respondentov, sme zistili, že priemerný čas dochádzania na Slovensku je 3,87 hodiny týždenne. Výsledky naznačujú, že dlhšie dochádzanie negatívne ovplyvňuje subjektívnu spokojnosť respondentov, pričom dĺžka dochádzania má štatisticky významný vplyv na ich SWB. Najviac negatívny vplyv má dochádzanie v trvaní od 4 do 6 hodín týždenne. Je ale potrebné zvážiť aj ďalšie súvislosti ako je spôsob dochádzania, kvalita technickej infraštruktúry, frekvencia verejnej dopravy a kvalita týchto služieb atď. S ohľadom na spôsob dochádzania je možné predpokladať, že v niektorých prípadoch čas dochádzania nemusí byť „stratený“, ale môže byť využívaný produktívne. Aj z tohto hľadiska je vnímanie času dochádzania veľmi subjektívne a jeho vplyv na SWB si zaslúži širšie skúmanie. Získané výsledky môžu mať významné implikácie pre tvorbu verejných politík a firemnú prax, najmä pri hľadaní spôsobov, ako zlepšiť pracovnú mobilitu a podporiť rovnováhu medzi pracovným a súkromným životom.
Changes in the public policy of cultural and creative industries and in the cultural behaviour caused by COVID 19 pandemic in the Slovak Republic
(EuroMed press : Zürich, 2024) Vitálišová, Katarína; Rojíková, Darina; Vaňová, Anna; Dvořák, Jaroslav
The COVID 19 pandemic has significant impact on the economic, social and environmental development of the world. To the most affected areas belong cultural and creative industries, where the COVID 19 enhanced the great digital transformation on the one hand, but also the financial constraints on the other hand. Both stimulated the significant changes in the implemented public policies. The paper identifies the challenges raised by the COVID 19 pandemic in the public policy of cultural and creative industries and in behavior of cultural customers on the example of the Slovak Republic and to link them with the already implemented measures by the state as the respond of public policy. They can be seen as a new strategical approach to the development of cultural and creative industries, which the pandemic identified as one of the key weaknesses in the previous policy of the cultural and creative industries.
Consumer behavior and values of Generation Z under the influence of "greenfluence"
(Univerzita sv. Cyrila a Metoda v Trnave, 2025) Musová, Zdenka; Gundová, Petra; Smutný, Filip
Currently, influencer marketing plays a significant role in communicating various social issues, including environmental topics. Collaborating with some types of relevant influencers can be an effective way for businesses to spread environmental awareness while also motivating the public to adopt more socially responsible behavior. The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of greenfluencers on the consumer behavior and values of Generation Z, based on the results of a questionnaire survey. A questionnaire survey is considered as the most appropriate data collection technique, because it allows for quick data collection and processing. Generation Z is considered the most environmentally conscious generation to date, and our primary research, conducted through a questionnaire survey, revealed that greenfluencer marketing has a positive impact on changing consumer mindset, but only to a certain extent. The results of research confirmed that collaboration with influencers can be an effective way to ensure the dissemination of environmental awareness and can also motivate consumers toward more socially responsible behavior. The responses from the questionnaire survey respondents indicated that authenticity is a key factor that increases trust among Generation Z respondents. The findings point to the fact that greenfluencer marketing has a significant impact on consumer purchasing behavior of Generation Z, especially in the case of ecological products. Respondents state that observing greenfluencers motivates them to make behavioral changes, such as switching to sustainable products, composting, or reducing fast fashion consumption.
Differences in AI utilization between students and teachers in higher education institution: an empirical study
(Linz : Trauner Verlag, 2024) Závadský, Ján; Závadská, Zuzana; Osvaldová, Zuzana
This study investigates the utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the context of higher education, focusing on the divergent patterns of AI adoption among students and teachers at Matej Bel University. Employing a questionnaire as the primary research method, the objectives were twofold: to ascertain the extent of AI usage among the university's students and teachers and to examine the scope of AI references within academic materials. The findings reveal significant differences in AI utilization between students and teachers. This empirical study contributes to the burgeoning discourse on AI ethics in higher education, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive understanding of AI's role in shaping teaching methodologies and learning experiences. Empirical research was carried out on a sample of teachers at Matej Bel University and on a sample of students at the Faculty of Economics. The representativeness of the sample was verified by the chi-square test. The research confirmed greater use of AI by students, but on the contrary, a more ethical approach by teachers.
Digital transformation and digital readiness of businesses in Slovakia and the EU
(Vysoká škola ekonomická : Praha, 2024) Ľapinová, Erika
Digitalization is one of the most actual trends in Slovakia and the EU, it affects the social and economic environment in many ways. Both Slovakia and Europe have set strategic goals in this area and tools to fulfill them. Looking at the results of measuring the level of digitization using the DESI index, Slovakia lags behind the European average in many aspects. We don't even have a lot of data on the real level of digitization of businesses and the needs in this area in Slovakia. Data are not monitored in official statistical surveys to the required extent. However, there are some surveys or examples of successful Slovak practice that monitor the level of digitization and digital transformation and from which the needs of companies in the subject area can also be identified. The aim of our contribution in the theoretical part is to summarize the basic principles of digitalization of businesses and their importance, clarify main EU and national strategic documents of digitalization. In the analytical part, we aim to bring information about the availability of data and present some key data importance of digitization for the businesses, about the threats and opportunities which digitalization brings for them.
Digitálna transformácia v hotelierstve: výzvy a príležitosti pre riadenie hotelov
(Prešovská univerzita v Prešove, 2025) Ferancová, Adriana; Šebová, Ľubica; Chovanová, Klára
Cieľom príspevku je zhodnotiť proces digitálnej transformácie v hotelierstve a identifikovať jej hlavné výzvy a príležitosti pre efektívne riadenie hotelov. Príspevok sa zameriava na skúmanie, ako digitálne technológie menia tradičné hotelové procesy, napomáhajú pri zvyšovaní kvality služieb a ovplyvňujú spokojnosť hostí. Empirická časť práce vychádza z kvalitatívneho prieskumu s manažérmi dvoch hotelov, ktoré implementovali rôzne digitálne nástroje. Získané výsledky ukazujú, že digitalizácia prispieva k vyššej efektívnosti a personalizácii služieb, no jej implementácia naráža na limity technologickej pripravenosti a školenia personálu. Manažéri zdôraznili potrebu kontinuálneho vzdelávania zamestnancov a posilnenia kybernetickej bezpečnosti. Digitalizácia hotelového prostredia nie je len technologickou, ale aj strategickou a kultúrnou zmenou v riadení hotelov. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the process of digital transformation in the hospitality industry and to identify its main challenges and opportunities for effective hotel management. The paper focuses on examining how digital technologies are reshaping traditional hotel processes, supporting the improvement of service quality, and influencing guest satisfaction. The empirical part of the study is based on a qualitative survey conducted with managers of two hotels that have implemented various digital tools. The findings show that digitalization contributes to higher operational efficiency and service personalization; however, its implementation is limited by the level of technological readiness and staff training. The managers emphasized the need for continuous employee education and the strengthening of cybersecurity. The digitalization of the hotel environment represents not only a technological but also a strategic and cultural transformation in hotel management.
Dopady digitálneho veku na človeka ako pracovnú silu a spotrebiteľa - prehľadový článok
(Vysoká škola ekonomická : Praha, 2024) Ľapinová, Erika
In our contribution, we deal with the effects of such phenomena of the contemporary economy and society as computerization and digitalization (industrial revolution 4.0), and their effects on people as a workforce or consumer. In the theoretical part, we will present the essence of technological innovations such as digitization, 4.0 and 5.0 industrial revolution and the spectrum of their impacts on the sphere of labour market and consumption. In the analytical part of our contribution, we realised the literature review of the latest research sources and political-conceptual documents about problematics of digitalization and its impact on labour market in the first case, and on consumption and circular economy in the second case. In the literature review we focused specifically on the sources of international institutions such as the EU, ILO, OECD and subsequently, we will focus specifically on the Slovak and Czech environment, on the Czech and Slovak national empirical and political documents.
Employment or business: What Slovak young adults prefer as their future career?
(ReSocEM : Valencia, 2025) Murray Svidroňová, Mária; Kubák, Matúš
No preference can be precisely quantified when assessing young people's ideas about their future lives. Moreover, self-reported survey data may not fully capture the complexity of decision-making processes. In such situations, it is difficult to create a test that measures preference based on an action. To circumvent this problem, the knowledge of behavioral economics can be used. Behavioral economics focuses on individuals with limited rationality, revealing what really influences their decisions and actions. Behavioral science suggests that people are more humane and less homo economicus and thus that their decision-making is also influenced by emotions and intuition (Persky, 1995; Sunstein et al., 1998; Kahneman, 2003; Thaler, 2017; Grimmelikhuijsen, 2017). A person's decision-making is influenced by two systems of thinking, according to which he evaluates the situations in which he finds himself (Cole et al., 2025). In psychology, they are named as System 1 and System 2. Thaler and Sunstein (2009) assigned key characteristics to these systems, for the sake of this paper, the System 1 is relevant. System 1 is a fast thinking system - an automatic system. A person makes decisions based on experience, is quick and instinctive, follows innate skills.
Employments of older adults in Slovak regions: analysis of gender and educational differences in the context of the active ageing
(Vysoká škola ekonomická : Praha, 2025) Ivančíková, Ľudmila; Kaščáková, Alena; Seberíni, Andrea
This study analyzes employment patterns among older adults across Slovak regions, focusing on gender and educational disparities within the Active Ageing Index framework. Building upon previous research that identified significant regional variations in active ageing, with Bratislava and Banská Bystrica regions outperforming eastern Slovak regions, this analysis examines the employment domain of the Active Ageing Index using current national data. The study investigates how gender and educational differences affect employment rates among individuals aged 55-74 years across Slovak regions. Results demonstrate a substantial gender gap disadvantaging women, which intensifies in regions with lower overall active ageing levels. Analysis reveals a strong positive correlation between educational attainment and older adults' labor market participation. Regional variations in organizational practices and employment policies create distinct barriers to older adult employment. The research identifies economic implications of low older adult employment rates, including increased social service demands and underutilized human capital. Findings indicate the need for targeted interventions including skills retraining programs, mentoring initiatives, and flexible employment models tailored to regional specificities. This research provides empirical evidence for developing region-specific employment strategies that address the heterogeneous educational backgrounds and persistent gender disparities among the older Slovak population.
Evaluating the impact of bee bread extract on transcriptional profiles in primary rat osteoblasts
(Slovak University of Agriculture : Nitra, 2025) Mondočková, Vladimíra; Kováčová, Veronika; Biro, Roman; Pénzes, Noémi; Budzák, Šimon; Capcarová, Marcela; Martiniaková, Monika; Omelka, Radoslav
Bee Bread (BB) is a fermented natural product rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Research in a rat model showed its potential to enhance diabetic bone structure, suggesting benefits for bone disorders. The aim of this in vitro study was to analyse the effects of BB extract on gene expression in osteoblasts. BB extract was prepared via methanol extraction, filtration, and evaporation, then dissolved in cell culture medium. It was applied to rat osteoblasts at 10, 100, and 200 μg/ml, with untreated medium as a control. After 72 hours, mRNA was extracted, cDNA synthesized, and the expression of 15 target genes (RUNX2, BMP2, BMP7, TGFB1, TGFBR1, BGLAP, ALPL, SPP1, VDR, COL1A1, IBSP, CDH11, VEGFA, TNFSF11, TNFRSF11B) analyzed using real-time PCR, with five reference genes (TBP, HPRT1, PGK1, B2M, LDHA). BB extract upregulated RUNX2, BMP7, TGFBR1, and ALPL in all groups. Dose-dependent effects included increased TGFB1, BMP2, and VDR in BB10; CDH11 in BB10 and BB100; TNFRSF11B in BB100 and BB200; and BGLAP and VEGFA in BB200. SPP1 was downregulated in BB10 and BB100, while TNFSF11, COL1A1, and IBSP remained unchanged. These findings indicate BB extract promotes osteoblast differentiation, bone mineralization, and osteogenesis while inhibiting bone resorption, demonstrating its potential for bone health and therapy.
Factors affecting adoption of artificial intelligence in SMEs and its impact on firm's skills needs
(Niš : Complex system research centre, 2025) Huňady, Ján
The paper deals with the problem of artificial intelligence (AI) adoption in companies. It aims to empirically examine factors affecting the adoption of AI. It also identifies factors influencing the potential effects of AI adoption on future infirm skills needs. There is currently an absence of research focused on examining this topic based on empirical data. The research is based on the secondary data from Flash Eurobarometer 537 (2023). More than 19,000 companies from 27 EU countries and 9 non-EU countries have been included in the sample. By examining these data, substantial systematic differences were found between companies with different characteristics. Factors affecting AI adoption and consequences on skills needed have been identified by logistic regression. The results suggest that larger companies with older employees located in cities, as well as those hiring adequate skills without any problems, are often adopting AI. Similar characteristics are also typical for companies that reported a significant effect of AI on their skill needs. However, in this case, the effect of community size and difficulties with hiring skills are not significant. Significant differences were also identified among industries and types of specific skills that a company lacks
Green public procurement: Are Slovak firms ready?
(ReSocEM : Valencia, 2025) Murray Svidroňová, Mária; Nemec, Juraj; Žigová, Nikola
This paper deals with the issue of green public procurement as a modern and optional tool of environmental policy. Given that public procurement accounts for 13% to 20% of global GDP, it is not surprising that nations are now seeking methods to use public procurement procedures not only as an efficient public purchasing tool but also as a tool for sustainable development and a catalyst for innovation in both the public and private sectors (Lember et al., 2014, Zipperer, 2019). Alkadry et al. (2019) pointed out that by integrating social, economic, and environmental considerations into its procedures, sustainable public procurement can be a crucial instrument for accomplishing the overall sustainability of human development. One particular element of sustainable public procurement is green public procurement (Brammer and Walker, 2011; Grandia et al., 2020). Dimand et al (2023) stated that green public procurement (GPP) is specific in the sense that more than 40% of the total carbon footprint of organizations is associated with procurement, which shows that green procurement practices are a crucial factor in responding to climate change and other environmental challenges.
HR digitisation before and during COVID-19 in Visegrad group countries
(Uniwersytet Szczeciński : Szczecin, 2025) Misiak-Kwit, Sandra; Smerek, Lukáš; Szabó-Szentgróti, Gábor; Marková, Helena
Purpose: This paper aims to provide new insights into the digitisation of human resources in the Visegrad Group. The authors examined the evaluation of HR digitisation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Need for the study: The digitisation of human resource management in the Visegrad Group countries is an emerging phenomenon that influences how organisations in these regions manage their human resources. Methodology: The survey included the following sample sizes: 500 respondents in Poland, 832 respondents in the Czech Republic, 384 respondents in Slovakia, and 377 respondents in Hungary. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test, F-test for equal variance, and paired t-test were utilised for the investigation. Additionally, the authors conducted a one-way ANOVA to compare the mean digitisation scores among Visegrad Group countries before and during COVID-19. Findings: The data presented in the paper show that HR digitisation is consistently ranked as one of the less challenging HR activities in the Visegrad Group countries, both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results indicate that while country-specific differences in HR digitisation challenges were significant both before and during COVID-19, the pandemic exacerbated these differences. Hungary consistently faced the greatest challenges, while Poland encountered the fewest. The pandemic heightened the overall difficulty of HR digitisation, as evidenced by higher mean scores and greater variability. Practical Implications: The paper emphasises the urgent need for targeted strategies to promote digital transformation, especially in countries facing significant challenges, during crises and beyond.
Impacts of Covid-19 pandemic on changes in consumer behavior in purchasing leisure products
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Veselovská, Lenka
The Covid-19 pandemic was a major adverse event that significantly changed the business environment. The research into effects of COVID-19 pandemic has provided many significant findings with drastic implications for societies worldwide. This paper strives to contribute to current pool of knowledge by providing information on how Slovak consumers changed their behavior during the pandemic and soon after its conclusion in relation to purchasing leisure products. The main aim of the research was to document consumer behavior changes during and after the COVID-19 pandemic with special focus on leisure products. The data used in this research is based on a survey that collected opinions and experiences of 987 consumers during various pandemic years enabling comparison with pre-pandemic situation, as well as different stages of the pandemic. Two hypotheses were formulated to direct the research. The findings indicate major changes in purchasing leisure products, however these changes manifested themselves differently throughout various years of the pandemic. Most consumers in every age group decrease the number of products that they bought during the pandemic. The biggest decrease can be observed in the age group of consumers ages between 30 and 39 years old since up to 60.91% of consumers decreased the number of products they bought during the pandemic. This change was more significant in 2021 and 2022. Furthermore, this research provides information on how different segments of consumers reacted and adapted their behavior. More than 40% of people between 30 and 39 years old made changes in buying leisure products during the pandemic. When asked to provide the reason for this behavior, up to 92% of consumers stated the pandemic itself. Fear as a possible source of influence was explored and based on research findings rejected.
Income inequality of population in European countries during COVID-19
(Univerzita Hradec Králové, 2024) Ľapinová, Erika
The COVID-19 pandemic has serious economic and social consequences, including impacts on the socio-economic situation of households. In our contribution, we want to focus on the effects of the pandemic on the income inequality of the population of European countries and its causes. In the theoretical part, we present several studies that were created on the given issue, mainly at the international, but also at the national level from Slovakia, Czechia and other national states. We also clarify the difference in the results that the studies bring. In the analytical part, using indicators from the EU SILC surveys from the Eurostat database, we describe the development of the level and rate of income inequality in European countries in 2019-2021 (the last available data), which is last pre-pandemic and two pandemic years. We describe income inequality measured by the Gini coefficient and by median income. We describe the income level according to average income values. For comparison, we present data on income in euros vs. in PPS. The effects of the pandemic on the income inequality of European nations are very diverse, but common factors across European countries that had an impact on the development can be specified. We summarize these in the work. In conclusion, we point out, among other things, the importance of investigating the given issue, especially in the context of crisis developments or other turbulent changes in the European economic environment that await us prospectively.

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