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Dependent self-employment in Slovakia - opportunity or necessity?
(Český statistický úřad : Praha, 2024) Kaščáková, Alena; Knapková, Miroslava; Martinkovičová, Miriam
Recently, the European labour market has witnessed a shift in work structures, notably with self-employed individuals without employees. Many of these individuals are performing self-employment involuntarily, aiming for stable full-time employment. Due to insufficient income, instability, limited career prospects, and inadequate access to social protection, they are dissatisfied with their self-employed status. This dissatisfaction could potentially affect their overall job satisfaction and performance. The goal of this study, conducted on the basis of original primary survey among self-employed persons in Slovakia in 2022, is to explore the motivations influencing self-employment. Specifically, the research aims to examine the initial driving factors behind self-employment among 306 individuals, categorized into 194 traditional independent selfemployed and 112 economically dependent self-employed persons. Results indicate that among economically dependent self-employed persons, necessity-driven motives prevail, particularly necessity to enter family business, job loss, and employer-induced self-employment. For traditional independent self-employed persons, opportunity-driven motives predominate, notably pursuit of better working conditions, desire for independence, and efforts to earn more.
Principles of smart governance in cities
(Bucharest University of Economic Studies Publishing : Bucharest, 2024) Vitálišová, Katarína; Vaňová, Anna; Vavrúšová, Mária; Turečková, Kamila; Nevima, Jan
Smart governance as a new stage in the development of public sector management brings many challenges to the cities of the 21st century. It opens new possibilities for how to maximize the socio-economic and ecological performance of cities and cope with negative externalities. But to achieve these benefits, it is necessary to create conditions for smart governance implementation. The paper aims to define the principles and prerequisites of smart governance development in cities theoretically and verify them in the real conditions of cities. Based on the theoretical review on smart governance paper identifies principles and prerequisites of smart governance development in cities. They are verified by research results of two sub-researches – one among the experts from academia and practices and one among the representatives of the cities in the Slovak Republic. The paper identifies also the challenges in the implementation of smart governance and the potential future research in the international context.
Promoting cognitive brain health and sustained attention in adults and older adults through e-games
(Association for Social Studies Educators (ASSE) : Ankara, 2024) Tokovská, Miroslava; Doktorová, Dominika; Šolcová, Jana
The ability to learn new skills as an adult, cognitive stimulation in the ageing process, and a cognitively active lifestyle are of interest to experts in education, public health, and social studies. The game Scrabble, with its enjoyable nature, has gained recognition as an educational resource that facilitates the acquisition and preservation of vocabulary, thereby augmenting both practical and cognitive abilities. In this study, a descriptive quantitative research design was implemented to assess attentional capacity using the Bourdon Attention Test, specifically utilizing the BoPr (Prague Square Modification of the CSAT), within the cohort of Scrabble League e-players and the broader general population. With a focus on promoting cognitive brain health, this study presents a comparison of sustained attention levels between these groups. A sample of N = 60 participants (divided into Scrabble e-players who participate in a league [N = 30], and a comparison group of the general population [N = 30]) underwent a study comparing their levels of attention achieved in the Bourdon test. A significant difference (p = 0.050) was found in their attention span, favoring the league e-players. The results suggest that Scrabble e-games can potentially improve the cognitive well-being and attention of adults and older individuals. However, further investigation is necessary to understand their capabilities fully. Utilizing Scrabble in the realms of adult education, gerontology, and medical practice could be beneficial for enhancing cognitive brain health.
The economics of deep and machine learning-based algorithms for COVID-19 prediction, detection, and diagnosis shaping the organizational management of hospitals
(Institute of Economic Research : Olsztyn, 2024) Lăzăroiu, George; Gedeon, Tom; Rogalska, Elżbieta; Andronie, Mihai; Frajtová-Michalíková, Katarína; Musová, Zdenka; Iatagan, Mariana; Uță, Cristian; Michalková, Lucia; Kováčová, Mária; Ștefănescu, Roxana; Hurloiu, Iulian; Zábojník, Stanislav; Štefko, Róbert; Dijmărescu, Adrian; Dijmărescu, Irina; Geamănu, Marinela
Research background: Deep and machine learning-based algorithms can assist in COVID-19 image-based medical diagnosis and symptom tracing, optimize intensive care unit admission, and use clinical data to determine patient prioritization and mortality risk, being pivotal in qualitative care provision, reducing medical errors, and increasing patient survival rates, thus diminishing the massive healthcare system burden in relation to severe COVID-19 inpatient stay duration, while increasing operational costs throughout the organizational management of hospitals. Data-driven financial and scenario-based contingency planning, predictive modelling tools, and risk pooling mechanisms should be deployed for additional medical equipment and unforeseen healthcare demand expenses. Purpose of the article: We show that deep and machine learning-based and clinical decision making systems can optimize patient survival likelihood and treatment outcomes with regard to susceptible, infected, and recovered individuals, performing accurate analyses by data modeling based on vital and clinical signs, surveillance data, and infection-related biomarkers, and furthering hospital facility optimization in terms of intensive care unit bed allocation. Methods: The review software systems employed for article screening and quality evaluation were: AMSTAR, AXIS, DistillerSR, Eppi-Reviewer, MMAT, PICO Portal, Rayyan, ROBIS, and SRDR. Findings & value added: Deep and machine learning-based clinical decision support tools can forecast COVID-19 spread, confirmed cases, and infection and mortality rates for data-driven appropriate treatment and resource allocations in effective therapeutic and diagnosis protocol development, by determining suitable measures and regulations and by using symptoms and comorbidities, vital signs, clinical and laboratory data and medical records across intensive care units, impacting the healthcare financing infrastructure. As a result of heightened use of personal protective equipment, hospital pharmacy and medication, outpatient treatment, and medical supplies, revenue loss and financial vulnerability occur, also due to expenses related to hiring additional staff and to critical resource expenditures. Hospital costs for COVID-19 medical care, screening, treatment capacity expansion, and personal protective equipment can lead to further financial losses while affecting COVID-19 frontline hospital workers and patients.
Ukazovatele daňovej a regulačnej konkurencieschopnosti: Aké daňové zaťaženie a vyvolané náklady znášajú podniky v krajinách EÚ?
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Huňady, Ján; Demeová, Eleonóra
The tax burden and induced costs of regulation may affect the competitiveness of the economy and, in the context of current digital transformation trends, determine the ability of businesses to compete in terms of digital readiness. Regulatory competitiveness is very closely linked to the quality and performance of country's public institutions. This paper examines the tax and regulatory burden on businesses in EU countries and assesses the tax and regulatory competitiveness of the business environment in these countries. The research is mainly based on an empirical analysis of secondary data. On the basis of selected indicators of the tax and regulatory burden on businesses obtained from the World Bank's database (Doing Business), we examine the situation in EU countries. We use the method of a hierarchical and nonhierarchical cluster analysis to categorize countries into relatively homogeneous groups. According to our results, Slovakia has a similar level of tax and regulatory competitiveness as the Czech Republic and Portugal. Furthermore, we evaluate Slovakia's strengths and weaknesses in international comparison. The results show, among other things, that the financial costs of administrative tasks required due to business regulations are relatively low in Slovakia. On the other hand, the time to complete administrative tasks is long and the tax burden on businesses is relatively high in Slovakia.
Investigating the relationship between the World Giving Index and the donations in Lions Clubs International Foundation
(UNIVERSITAS-Győr Nonprofit, 2024) Murray Svidroňová, Mária; Kaščáková, Alena; Krátky, Bohumír
There is much research on how to improve the provision of local public services without having to increase municipal public spending. Latest trends stress out the role of citizens and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that can provide various public services using private funding (donations) and volunteers. This paper analyses the relationship between the World Giving Index and donation in a selected NGO, the Lions Clubs International Foundation (LCIF). We investigate whether financial donations made to international humanitarian LCIF in different countries around the world influence the World Giving Index. Main methods used are panel regression and correlation analysis on the sample of 97 countries and 116,033 donors. The results suggest that donations made to LCIF have a positive impact on the World Giving Index. We support our findings with extended theory of planned behaviour model for Slovakia based on a questionnaire with 150 respondents.
Teoretické aspekty a spôsoby merania fiškálnej a daňovej kapacity územných samospráv
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Flaška, Filip; Kološta, Stanislav
The fiscal and tax capacity of territorial governments represent important areas of theoretical and practical research in the framework of public finances. The article aims to evaluate and concentrate knowledge in the field of fiscal and tax capacity of local governments and methods of their measurement. This includes a theoretical synthesis of knowledge based on experiences and approaches in the framework of fiscal and tax capacity from different countries. The synthesis of scientific studies showed that differences in the revenue generation of municipalities are related to their fiscal and tax capacity. The diversity of tax bases and the different tax efforts of local governments with established tax powers within the applied tax policies bring about differences in revenue generation and differences in the structure of the revenue base of local governments, which also affects the quality of life of residents. In Europe, there is a clear dominance of the Scandinavian countries in terms of the weight of local government finances on public finances.
Trade-offs and synergie effects of regulating ecosystem services along an climatic gradient in Slovakia
(Scientific Research Publishing : Wuhan, 2024) Makovníková, Jarmila; Kološta, Stanislav; Pálka, Boris
This study aims to assess the synergies and trade-offs of regulating ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are non-linearly interconnected and changes in one service can positively or negatively affect another. We evaluated ecosystem services based on biophysical indicators using an expert scoring system that determines the corresponding soil functions and is part of the existing databases available in Slovakia. This methodological combination enabled us to provide unique mapping and assessment of ecosystem services within Slovakia. Correlation analysis between individual regulating ecosystem services and climate regions, slope, texture, and altitude confirm the statistically significant influence of climate and slope in all agricultural land, arable land, and grassland ecosystems. Statistically significant synergistic effects were established between the regulation of the water regime and the regulation of soil erosion within each climate region, apart from the very warm climate region. Only in a very warm climate region was potential of regulating ecosystem services mutually beneficial for soil erosion control and soil cleaning potential (immobilization of inorganic pollutants).
Spotrebitelia v prostredí zeleného marketingu a greenwashingu
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Seberíni, Andrea; Izáková, Katarína; Hronec, Martin
A significant problem that is emerging in the discursive practices of green marketing is the rise of greenwashing; companies providing irrelevant, overstated or false information about a product’s sustainable attributes. This raises a number of issues that have not yet been rigorously investigated. This study uses focus group discussions to provide one of the first assessments of the impact of greenwashing on consumers. Three semi-structured focus group interviews 14 participants aged 20-45 using reflective thematic analysis. The aim of the study is to gain first insights into how consumers perceive different green marketing strategies. Findings from the focus group discussions suggest that message source, green brands, brand perception and brand familiarity have a strong influence on perceived message credibility. The impact of disclosure of greenwashing strategies on purchase behaviour is influenced by several factors, but even in cases where it does not directly lead to a change in purchase behaviour, consumers believed that greenwashing information was important to their overall decision-making process. The observed deterioration in consumer trust in product brands in response to greenwashing undermines the potential of green marketing and contributes to reputational damage for manufacturers. More importantly from a practical perspective, this study shows evidence of the impact of greenwashing on credibility and opens ways for further research.
Kvalifikácia manažmentu a zodpovedné hospodárenie v samospráve
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2025) Hronec, Martin; Beresecká, Janka; Hroncová, Vicianová Jana
Based on secondary research in the local government environment and an analysis of theoretical approaches to social responsibility in the public sector, the scientific objective of the study is to identify the skills needed for local government management as a component of the economic and social pillar of social responsibility. The objective was to determine the actual effect of training on some selected measures of local government economic performance, which is a component of the economic pillar of social responsibility. The scientific study focuses on the theoretical and practical training of statutory and local government council members and how it affects some economic measures of local government performance, including economic performance, the size of the municipality’s net assets per capita, long-term and short-term liabilities, capital expenditures, fixed assets, liquidity, current account balance, and investment intensity. As part of the social pillar of social responsibility, the study also examined how education affects the economic pillar of social responsibility, which is responsible and effective governance.
Consumer behaviour under dual quality of products: Does testing reveal what consumers experience?
(Indian Institute of Management : Bangalúr, 2024) Bartková, Lucia; Veselovská, Lenka
The main aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between the nature of products tested to reveal dual quality and customers’ experiences, and for individual organisations to arrive at important guidelines for future solutions to the problem. The data used in this study were provided by the first nationwide survey conducted on a sample of 987 consumers throughout the Slovak Republic. Based on the experiences and opinions of consumers, recommendations were formulated for brand owners offering products with dual quality. Knowing the opinions of consumers will allow companies to adapt their offerings to the market.
Cross-cultural adaptation of a questionnaire measuring organizational citizenship behavior towards the environment
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute : Basel, 2024) Manuel, Candida Duarte; Magalhães, Carla Rebelo; Huber, Claudia Maria; Smerek, Lukáš; Costa, Artur Fernandes; Alves, José Ribeiro
Translation, adaptation, and validation of instruments for cross-cultural investigation requires a rigorous methodological procedure that should be carefully planned to deliver instruments with adequate reliability and validity. This process was applied to a questionnaire measuring Organizational Citizenship Behavior toward the Environment (OCBE), Organizational Identification (OI), Environmental Responsibility (ER), and Green Human Resources Management (GHRM) in Portuguese and Slovak organizations. Several methodological procedures for cross-cultural adaptation and validation of questionnaires were analyzed, most of which used independent translators, experts' analysis, and backward translation to the original language. In the present study, a procedure adapted from Beaton et al. (2000) was applied successfully, and the blind backward translations; expert committee; and the two pretests to assess content validity, functional equivalence, and clarity proved to be worthy. The psychometric properties were measured using a sample from Portugal (N = 122) and Slovakia (N = 269). Although employees were perceiving neither a strong environmental responsibility of their organizations nor strong green human resources management, they identified themselves with the organizations and engaged in OCBEs. Comparing both countries, the factorial structure was remarkably similar, highlighting the eco-helping actions and eco-civic engagement of OCBEs. Comparing both countries, the factorial structure was remarkably similar, highlighting the eco-helping actions and eco-civic engagement of OCBEs. The results indicated that the translated instrument was functionally equivalent to the original one, valid (scale CVI/Ave > 0.83), and reliable (Scale Alpha > 0.733) for evaluating the effect of employee practices and organization management in promoting and supporting environmental sustainability.
Determinants of the development of social enterprises in the lagging region of Warmia and Mazury
(Academiei de Studii Economice din București : Bukurešť, 2024) Olinski, Marian; Mioduszewski, Jarosław; Krištofík, Peter
Social enterprises in Europe are increasingly evolving into hybrid entities, simultaneously striving to attain both social and economic objectives. This transformation aligns them uniquely with the EU's Cohesion Policy, which seeks to reduce disparities and promote harmonious development across its regions. These hybrid enterprises can play a central role in this policy framework, particularly in regions marked by economic and social challenges. The main objective of the paper is to explore potential strategies to improve the performance of social enterprises operating in economically disadvantaged regions. The Warmia and Mazury region in Poland serves as a pertinent example in this context, marked by the highest unemployment rate in the nation alongside other notably weak economic indicators. These factors contribute to its designation as a “lagging region” by the European Union, thus making it a focal point for intervention under the Cohesion Policy. A key strategy suggested for regions facing these challenges involves fostering the growth of social enterprises, which are dedicated to addressing social issues through market-driven approaches. This study presents findings derived from a survey-based methodology. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on data sourced from 104 social enterprises in the Warmia and Mazury region, employing univariate descriptive statistical techniques. These techniques included the evaluation of frequency distributions, the calculation of percentages, means, standard deviations, and the application of nonparametric tests. The analysis provided insights that indicated that social enterprises that engaged in diversified business practices exhibited superior effectiveness compared to those with a narrower scope of activities. Furthermore, the perspectives of managers of these social enterprises were scrutinised, revealing a significant trend. The managers of diversified companies possessed a markedly optimistic outlook for future financial performance. However, it is important to note a critical limitation observed in the study – even the enterprises that demonstrated success within their local region faced challenges in replicating this success in other areas, suggesting a potential constraint in the scalability of their business models.
Identifying corporate culture using the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument
(European center for economic & social research : Trenčín, 2024) Lorincová, Silvia; Stasiak-Betlejewska, Renata; Streimikis, Justas; Fulajtárová, Zlatica
Research background: Corporate culture undoubtedly plays a crucial role in successfully overcoming the challenges associated with modern trends in today's business environment. Corporate culture is an incredibly fascinating field within organizational management. It requires investigation, as it is not static but evolves and adapts over time. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article was to define the type of corporate culture by identifying both the current and desired corporate culture. Additionally, the study examined the differences in values related to corporate culture. Methods: The Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument was utilized to identify the current and desired corporate culture. This methodology evaluated the company's underlying values and related assumptions, providing a realistic representation of its culture. Findings & Value added: The key conclusions is that in the wood industry, companies were perceived as highly personalized environments, resembling close-knit families where employees frequently interacted and shared commonalities. Alongside mentoring, facilitation, and support, effective management also emphasized cooperation and functional teamwork. Formal rules, loyalty, and mutual trust played a significant role in maintaining cohesion within the company. Employee development, trust, openness, and solidarity were emphasized. Success was based on human resource development, teamwork, employee engagement, and interest. The dominant corporate culture in the wood industry was clan corporate culture. Therefore, leadership based on mentoring, facilitation, and support should be prioritized. The valued added is the finding that the clan corporate culture should continue to prevail in wood industry companies for the next 5 to 10 years. Therefore, it is recommended teamwork, consensus, and a sense of belonging should continue to be prominent in the wood industry's future. Loyalty and mutual trust should be key elements in maintaining company unity. Employee development, trust, openness, and solidarity should also be consistently implemented, along with human resource development, teamwork, employee engagement, and interest. These findings can assist managers in their management practices.
EU countries tax evasion clustering
(Český statistický úřad : Praha, 2024) Stachová, Mária; Ščerba, Kamil
The problem of tax evasion is becoming more and more prominent, and it is causing large losses in individual state budgets. However, European policies have taken significant steps to eliminate them over the last two decades. National policies also contribute to reducing the estimated extent of tax evasion, as measured by Schneider's MIMIC model. However, these tendencies are not the same in individual countries. Therefore, in our paper, we try to find pattern in tax evasion time trajectories of European Union countries and thus to create homogenous clusters that include countries with similar tax evasion situation. To meet our goal, we use panel data clustering method on our data with information about tax evasion of EU countries from 2000 to 2019. As a next step, we compare created cluster from the perspective of quality indicators of public institutions.
Greenwashing - the dark side of eco-friendly marketing. A case study from Slovakia
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego : Warszawa, 2024) Seberíni, Andrea; Izáková, Katarína; Tokovská, Miroslava
Greenwashing is the practice of making false or misleading claims about the environmental benefits of a product or service. The purpose of this study is to examine consumers’ perceptions and experiences in relation to the greenwashing tactics used by Slovak businesses within the framework of environmental health policy. In the present study, we used data obtained through an inductive qualitative research design according to consolidated criteria. From 14 participants aged 20-45, using reflexive thematic analysis, we analysed three semi-structured focus group interviews. Four descriptive themes were created: (1) Individual and interpersonal determinants of consumers; (2) Marketing and organisational determinants of brands; (3)Public policy of the environment and health of the Slovak Republic; and (4) Environmental sustainability and ecological protection. The findings of our study confirmed that greenwashing often relies on buzzwords to reel in consumers, making them believe that the products they purchase are biodegradable or ethically sourced. The observed deterioration of consumer trust in product brands as a reaction to greenwashing threatens the potential of green marketing and contributes to damaging the reputation of the producers. One solution could be disseminating information on how customers can verify the authenticity of organic products through public and social media.
Employees awareness when the quality management system is converted at higher education organization
(SRAC - Societatea Romana Pentru Asigurarea Calitatii : Bucharest, 2024) Osvaldová, Zuzana; Závadský, Ján; Závadská, Zuzana; Zavacká, Alexandra
The Slovak Accreditation Agency for Higher Education (SAAHE) issued new standards and criteria for universities quality management systems in 2020 (SAAHES-IS 2020). Requirements and criteria determined in the SAAHES-IS 2020 are based on the Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area (ESG). However, some Slovak universities implemented and maintained their quality management system (QMS) according to the ISO 9001 standard in the past. The object of the research presented in our paper is a Slovak university certified according to the ISO 9001. The subject of the research is employee’s awareness about selected requirements of both standards, ISO 9001 and SAAHES-IS 2020. The main objectives of the research are: (1) to identify common requirements of both standards, (2) to explore employees awareness related to the identified common requirements and (3) to create decision assumptions how processes should be assured, either in accordance with ISO 9001 or SAAHES-IS 2020. This paper has also a methodological benefit. It allows to compare any standardized management systems that have common requirements. Employees awareness of the selected quality requirements has three elementary pillars in our research. They are the knowledge about requirement definition, how the given requirement is assured in the management practice and how employee contributes in the given requirement assurance.
Faktory daňovej politiky ovplyvňujúce medzinárodnú konkurencieschopnosť krajiny
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Demeová, Eleonóra
International tax competitiveness is a key factor in the global environment that significantly influences the economic dynamics and the position of countries in the global market. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive view of how tax policies and incentives affect international competitiveness, economic growth and FDI inflows. The paper systematically reviews 64 studies focusing on key factors and determinants of tax competition such as innovation, tax system and tax burden, which play an important role in enhancing a country's attractiveness. It presents a review of the literature dealing with these factors through the databases Research Gate, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar. This paper also highlights the need for further analysis of policy instruments that can improve the effectiveness of tax policy, stimulate innovation and improve the attractiveness of investment.
Participatory governance model in the Poľana Biosphere Reserve
(Univerzita sv. Cyrila a Metoda : Trnava, 2024) Vavrúšová, Mária; Vitálišová, Katarína
The systematic development of civic engagement and partnership with stakeholders within the biosphere reserve is a key to support the sustainability and resilience of the territory and development of its potential. The aim of the paper is to identify the authorities of the Poľana Biosphere Reserve and its relations with stakeholders, developed based on the concept of participatory governance and results of empirical research. The theoretical part of the paper explains the concepts of biosphere reserve and participatory governance. The practical part is focused on the analysis of the current state of the governance of the Poľana Biosphere Reserve and their legislative anchoring and functioning. The paper presents the results of surveys conducted with residents and selected stakeholders in the territory. The conclusion identifies opportunities to develop and strengthen community and stakeholder engagement within the Poľana Biosphere Reserve and propose a model of its governance.
Challenges of regional security for Central and Eastern European countries
(Ternopiľskyj nacionaľnyj ekonomičnyj universytet : Ternopiľ, 2025) Lyzun, Mariia; Lishchynskyy, Ihor; Vitálišová, Katarína; Borseková, Kamila
The paper analyzes the challenges of regional security for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in the context of modern geopolitical changes, particularly Russian aggression against Ukraine. The impact of security threats on the region’s economic development, trade flows, and political stability is examined. Emphasis is placed on the importance of regional cooperation through formats such as the Visegrad Group, the Lublin Triangle, the Weimar Triangle, and the Bucharest Nine. The article explores changes in the defense budgets of CEE countries, their role in transforming energy policy, and their support for Ukraine. Adjustments in defense spending, made in response to growing security threats, are analyzed. Mechanisms for reorienting trade flows between CEE countries and Ukraine in the context of war are also studied. The authors highlight the importance of Ukraine’s integration into the EU and NATO as a strategic element of European stability. Measures are proposed to strengthen regional cooperation, particularly in the areas of defense, energy, and economic policy. A roadmap has been developed to ensure long-term regional security by enhancing cooperation within the EU and NATO, countering Eurosceptic narratives, and integrating Ukraine into European and Euro-Atlantic structures.

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