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Gender and educational inequalities in active ageing: evidence from Slovakia in a European context
(Centre for Demographic Research : Belehrad, 2026) Seberíni, Andrea; Kaščáková, Alena; Hužvár, Miroslav
This study examines employment patterns among older workers in Slovakia compared to the European Union (EU), focusing on the Employment Domain of the Active Ageing Index (AAI). Using the Eurostat demographic data (2010–2024) and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) AAI measurements (2010–2020), we investigate gender and educational gaps across the age cohorts 55–74. Drawing on cumulative advantage theory and institutional legacy frameworks, the study addresses three hypotheses regarding socialist-era legacies, progressive educational stratification, and retirement age effects. Slovakia experiences rapid demographic ageing, with the population aged 65+ growing more than twice as fast as the EU-27 average between 2010–2024, and the old-age dependency ratio increasing at more than double the EU-27 rate. Slovakia’s AAI ranking improved from the last place in 2010 to the 21st position in 2020. The study disaggregates Employment Domain scores by gender and educational attainment across all four age cohorts, an analysis not previously conducted for Slovakia within the AAI framework. Gender analysis reveals that Slovakia demonstrates one of the smallest employment gender gaps in the EU, substantially below the EU-28 mean, with particularly balanced outcomes in the 55–59 age cohort. The 60–64 age group shows maximum gender disparities across all EU countries, coinciding with retirement age transitions. Educational gaps widen dramatically with age, from a modest difference in the 55–59 cohort to more than three times higher employment rates for tertiary-educated workers in the 70–74 cohort, indicating progressive cumulative disadvantage for lower-educated older workers. The findings support Slovakia’s active ageing initiatives while highlighting urgent needs for targeted interventions: gradual retirement pathways for the 60–64 cohort, workplace health promotion in physically demanding occupations, and lifelong learning programmes addressing educational stratification.
Biosphere reserve as a model territory for sustainable development: the value of nature and culture from a community perspective
(De Gruyter Poland : Warsaw, 2026) Reháková, Mária; Vitálišová, Katarína; Fabriciusová, Vladimíra
Biosphere reserves are distinctive landscapes where the relationship between ecological integrity and cultural heritage provides a basis for sustainable living. By applying principles of endogenous and place-based regional development, this paper evaluates the potential of biosphere reserves as model territories for sustainable development and examines the role of nature and culture as key elements shaping community life. The study explores the main factors influencing quality of life within biosphere reserves, identifies the importance of local community involvement and participation in sustainable development processes, and considers the limitations of these efforts. This comprehensive analysis helps test the research assumption that biosphere reserves offer an effective framework for implementing sustainable development principles with the support of local communities. A mixed-methods approach was applied, integrating secondary data analysis with primary data collected through surveys and interviews with local residents and stakeholders. The findings indicate that nature and culture are viewed by the local population as the primary assets of the Poľana Biosphere Reserve, with a strong appreciation for preserved traditions, crafts, folklore, and the natural landscape. Factor analysis further confirmed that the potential for natural and cultural development, along with participation and partnerships, represent the most significant dimensions influencing the perceived quality of life in the area. The results confirm that biosphere reserves function as learning environments where environmental, socio-cultural, and economic dimensions are closely interconnected. Local residents perceive the biosphere reserve designation as an opportunity for development, particularly in the areas of sustainable tourism and agrotourism. At the same time, the findings highlight that environmental and cultural aspects of life within biosphere reserves are evaluated very positively by the local population. The study concludes that biosphere reserves managed through participatory governance and active community involvement can serve as model territories for integrating environmental protection, socio-cultural values, and locally rooted economic development. Such territories can effectively support the implementation of sustainable development goals, although certain limitations remain. Community participation, traditional knowledge, and a strong place-based identity play a crucial role in ensuring long-term sustainability and resilience. Overall, the research contributes to broadening the discussion on biosphere reserves by extending it beyond ecological perspectives to also include socio-economic and spatial planning dimensions.
Industry differences in ESG risk: an analysis using morningstar sustainalytics data
(Slezská univerzita v Opavě, Obchodně podnikatelská fakulta v Karviné, 2026) Grofčíková, Janka; Musa, Hussam; Kovalová, Erika
Environmental, social and governance factors have become increasingly important for investors, businesses and policymakers, particularly in the context of reducing information asymmetry and promoting sustainable business models. The study analysed differences in the level of environmental, social and governance risk across industries, ranked them by risk level and identified groups of industries with similar levels of risk. The aim of the study was to statistically verify the existence of differences across industries, with the aim of contributing to a better understanding of the distribution of risk across industries and supporting informed decision-making by relevant actors. The analysis was based on a database containing data on the risk level of 13,355 companies operating in 41 industries of the global economy. The data were obtained from the Morningstar Sustainalytics database. Non-parametric statistical methods were used to verify differences across industries. The robustness of the identified grouping structure was additionally verified using hierarchical cluster analysis. The results of pairwise comparisons showed statistically significant differences across industries. Based on these findings, industries were systematically arranged into nine groups according to risk level, from lowest to highest risk. The results provided a clear classification of industries and highlighted the existence of significant differences in risk levels across industries.
Participatívny rozpočet v Banskej Bystrici: Rozvoj, výzvy a pokrok (2014-2024)
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2026) Švoňavcová, Margaréta; Vaňová, Anna
The purpose of this paper is to present a detailed analysis of participatory budgeting as a mechanism for engaging the public in decision-making, while also identifying the main challenges associated with its implementation and development. The study focuses on the evolution and functioning of participatory budgeting in the city of Banská Bystrica. By applying both qualitative and quantitative approaches, it utilizes municipal data from 2014 to 2024 along with relevant literature to explore and interpret the factors that influence the effectiveness of participatory budgeting at the local level. The first section outlines the fundamental concepts and historical development of participatory budgeting. The second section examines the local process, detailing its rules, key stages, and the various ways in which citizens can participate. A statistical analysis then explores the relationships between the budget amount, the number of submitted projects, and voter turnout, while also taking into account the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the introduction of online voting via the Decidim platform in 2024. The findings reveal persistent challenges, including insufficient public communication, complicated procedures, and limited political support. At the same time, they point to positive developments, such as improved accessibility through online voting and a planned revision of the budgeting statute. Overall, the study concludes that participatory budgeting in Banská Bystrica has shown progress since 2023, but it still requires stronger institutional support and greater citizen engagement to fully realize its potential.
Profitability index in the accommodation services sector in Slovakia
(Technická univerzita v Liberci, 2026) Špirková, Jana; Vinczeová, Miroslava
Considering evolving market dynamics, high fixed costs and vulnerability to external shocks, such as the impact of the ongoing global pandemic, it has become increasingly important to assess profitability in the accommodation sector. This study proposes a composite profitability index for accommodation services in Slovakia, which integrates traditional financial indicators such as return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA) and return on sales (ROS), as well as broader indicators such as the value-added-to-sales ratio (VAS) and EBITDA margin. Each indicator captures a distinct aspect of financial health, from operational efficiency to capital utilisation and value creation. To ensure methodological robustness, the study employs three expert-based weighting techniques: the exact Saaty method, the approximate Saaty method and the best-worst method. A panel of 14 experts in economics, finance and hospitality management participated in a Delphi-based survey to evaluate the relative importance and optimal values of each indicator. All methods ranked ROA as the most critical metric, followed by ROS and ROE, meanwhile, EBITDA margin and VAS were considered less significant, yet still essential, for a comprehensive assessment. Using sectoral data and applying normalised scoring, the index captures profitability trends from 2020 to 2023. The aim of the study is to develop a composite profitability index for the accommodation services sector in Slovakia, based on the identified limitations of traditional indicators. The results show a marked post-pandemic recovery, with profitability index scores rising steadily across all weighting methods. Notably, the best-worst method yielded consistently higher index values, indicating its sensitivity to prioritisation extremes. This composite index provides accommodation businesses and policymakers with a practical tool for benchmarking, strategic planning and improving long-term financial sustainability in a volatile and…
(A)synchronicity in Okun coefficients amongst 38 OECD countries
(Palgrave Macmillan : London, 2026) Boďa, Martin; Považanová, Mariana; Tichá Michaela
For 38 OECD countries during the period 1991–2022, the paper estimates time-varying trajectories of unemployment-based and employment-based Okun coefficients and studies their synchronicity. Schlicht’s VC method is utilized to estimate Okun coefficients and time-series clustering is applied to identify groups of economies with synchronous business cycle characteristics. The findings defy two prevalent beliefs of Okun’s law since many countries display constant or almost constant trajectories of the (un)employment-output sensitivity, and for many countries Okun’s law need not be stronger in a downturn. Furthermore, countries do not synchronize in their business cycle dynamics as shown in disparate trajectories of Okun coefficients, which argues against a single one-size-fits-all stabilization policy, certainly in less homogeneous economic blocks. Finally, there is strong evidence for labour market flows into and outside the labour force that are associated with informal sector size and translated into lesser sensitivity of official labour market variables across the business cycle.
Impact of the longevity risk on permanent life annuity in the context of IFRS 17
(De Gruyter Poland : Warsaw, 2026) Špirková, Jana; Zelinová, Silvia; Zimmermann, Pavel; Mucha, Vladimír
Longevity risk – the risk that policyholders outlive expected mortality projections – poses a significant challenge to the financial sustainability of pension insurance. This paper investigates the valuation of permanent life annuities under IFRS 17, the accounting standard that fundamentally reshaped actuarial reporting in 2023. We propose a robust mortality model that integrates a selection factor to more accurately capture the idiosyncratic longevity of annuity holders. Furthermore, the study quantifies the Risk Adjustment (RA) for non-financial risks using the Cost of Capital (CoC) method, aligning with Solvency II valuation principles. Our results demonstrate how precise longevity modelling influences the Contractual Service Margin (CSM) and overall liability adequacy. These findings offer critical insights for insurers aiming to balance product stability with the rigorous transparency requirements of IFRS 17.
Spotrebiteľské správanie generácie Y a Z v kontexte udržateľnej spotreby
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2026) Gundová, Petra; Tichá, Kristína
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the consumer behavior of Generations Y and Z in the field of sustainable products and to identify the factors that most influence their decision-making in this area, based on the results of a questionnaire survey. The findings may contribute to a better and deeper understanding of the consumer behavior of Generations Y and Z in relation to sustainability. Primary quantitative research was conducted on a sample of 331 respondents. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test of independence, and graphical data presentation. Representatives of Generation Y exhibit a higher interest in sustainability issues. Sustainability is most frequently associated with waste reduction, recycling, minimalism, and environmental protection. Nearly 80% of respondents recycle waste regularly, with this habit being more pronounced particularly among Generation Y. Only 37% of respondents place the greatest emphasis on sustainability when selecting food products. The results of the primary research indicate that while there is an interest in sustainability, in most cases, it does not play a decisive role in purchasing behavior.
Identifying systemically important banks: A transfer entropy approach
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2026) Prokopová, Noémi; Zoričaková, Jana; Šafár, Leoš; Mešťan, Michal
In recent years, the banking sector has been exposed to several negative shocks, leading to higher interconnectedness and increased systemic risk. The aim of this study is to examine the structure of the global banking sector and identify systemically important banking institutions in the context of risk transmission. Using daily stock price data from 77 global banks from November 2015 to December 2025, we apply the transfer entropy method to construct a TE-weighted network. The results confirm a high degree of interconnectedness within the banking sector. Banks such as BoCom, Goldman Sachs, Industrial Bank, KB Financial Group, and HDFC Bank are identified as the most systemically important banks. These banks primarily act as receivers of risk, which they may subsequently transmit to other parts of the system. In contrast, banks such as Deutsche Bank, PNC, and Hua Xia Bank represent key sources of risk transmission within the banking sector.
Factors influencing organizational resilience of tourism businesses
(Univerza v Mariboru : Kranj, 2026) Marciš, Matúš; Zabudská, Eva; Kvasnová, Diana; Mazúchová, Ľudmila
Background and purpose: With ongoing disruptions that affect various sectors, understanding organizational resilience is crucial, especially in tourism businesses. However, studies focusing on organizational resilience often lack objective data and rely on subjective opinions. Even fewer studies combine company data with insights from managers. Therefore, this study aims to explore resilience factors in tourism businesses and strategies used by less resilient ones during the COVID-19 crisis. Methods: This study used a mixed-method approach to explore organizational resilience, combining company data analysis with insights from tourism managers. Quantitatively, data from 624 Slovakian tourism businesses were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, binary logistic regression, and survival analysis to explore resilience factors. Based on this, qualitative interviews with 10 managers of less resilient businesses examined crisis coping strategies. Results: The findings reveal that business size and age are significant predictors of resilience, with larger and newer businesses demonstrating a higher probability of maintaining or recovering pre-pandemic revenue levels. Regarding financial indicators, the analysis suggests that rapid debt growth may represent a potential vulnerability. In addition, accommodation services were found to be generally more resilient than restaurants and travel agencies. Qualitative results highlight that less resilient businesses frequently employed coping strategies such as renegotiating financial terms, reducing staff, and temporary closures. Conclusion: Tourism stakeholders should take these implications into account and assess the key factors that may strengthen organizational resilience.
Customer relationship management and communication in sustainable hotel practice
(Univerzita sv. Cyrila a Metoda v Trnave, Fakulta masmediálnej komunikácie, 2026) Šebová, Ľubica; Marčeková, Radka; Albertová, Alica; Chovanová, Klára; Švec, Adrián
This study explores how hotels in Slovakia use Customer Relationship Management (CRM) as a communication-driven strategy to build and maintain guest relationships. CRM is examined as a framework that integrates multiple communication channels and touchpoints to enhance guest satisfaction, foster loyalty, and contribute to the long-term sustainable performance of hotel enterprises. Four hypotheses were formulated regarding hotel customer orientation, communication channels, influencing factors and barriers to CRM implementation. These hypotheses were tested using data from an online questionnaire survey completed by hotels in Slovakia. Results show that hotel classification and size, especially the number of employees, significantly affect the scope of CRM communication activities. Financial constraints emerged as a key barrier. The findings provide valuable insights into how communication practices within CRM frameworks can be benchmarked across the hospitality sector to support more sustainable business operations.
Book review: Supplementary financial security for the silver generation
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2026) Zimková, Emília
Recenzia na: Supplementary financial security for the silver generation / Joanna Dębicka, Stanisław Heilpern ... [et al.]. 1. vyd. - Wroclaw : Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 2025. ISBN 978-83-68394-28-3. Dostupné na: https://aap.umb.sk/?page_id=4570
Analysing interregional disparities in the EU. An application of beta and sigma convergence
(Cluj University Press : Kluž, 2025) Kožiak, Radoslav; Hvolková, Lenka; Klement, Ladislav; Klementová, Vladimíra; Elexa, Ľuboš
Implementation of regional policy has a long tradition in the European economic space. Since the beginning of European integration in the mid-20th century, a common regional policy based on cohesion, solidarity, and redistribution began to take shape. This paper is focused on the examination of the development of regional disparities in EU27 (27 European Union member states). This phenomenon is characterized by its ‘inertial’ nature, despite the implementation of a relatively generous system of instruments, particularly financial ones, in less developed countries and regions. However, it cannot be unequivocally proven that this is caused by inefficient, inappropriate, or misdirected redistribution within the EU27. The neoclassical concept of β-convergence and σ-convergence enables the identification of the RD’s (Regional Disparities) tendency within more than 20 years. To prove the results as accurately as possible and compare the development of interregional disparities, the analysis was conducted on the crucial macroeconomic indicator “GDP” (Gross Domestic Product) expressed in PPP (Purchasing Power Parity), not only at the level of EU (European Union) member states, but also at the regional levels. The results of this research reveal that despite the long-term implementation of the common cohesion policy there is a continuous deepening of interregional disparities at all examined NUTS (Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics) levels.
A method for the gender disaggregation of Okun's law
(Springer Nature : Heidelberg, 2026) Boďa, Martin; Tichá, Michaela
For the case of a slowly time-varying Okun’s law, the paper proposes a method to identify male and female Okun coefficients based upon the trajectory of the economy-wide Okun coefficient. The method rests upon a disaggregation principle that requires that gender-specific Okun coefficients be in “accounting” agreement with economy-wide Okun coefficients, which is not recognized in conventional applications. Albeit equally applicable also for the difference version of Okun’s law, the method is demonstrated with the more general gap version for the Group of Seven (G7) economies over a period 1991–2022. The demonstration reveals that the conventional approach often leads to implausible trajectories of Okun coefficients and that the unemployment-output nexus for the past three decades did not have constant features. Furthermore, male unemployment need not be universally more exposed to the business cycle, but gender sensitivity may alternate over time with a little difference between males and females.
Úroveň digitalizácie daňových správ a jej vnímanie daňovníkmi v krajinách EÚ
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2026) Huňady, Ján; Vrábľová, Tereza Michaela
The paper aims to examine the digitalisation of tax administrations in economically developed countries and taxpayers’ perceptions of digital tax services. The study compares the adoption of digital technology in tax administrations and analyses tax players' attitudes toward these tools. Our findings confirm that a large share of countries is using a set of emerging digital technologies, including robotic process automation, machine learning, network analytics, artificial intelligence, and blockchain. Socio-economic factors appear to play an important role in supporting digital tax administration. Younger respondents, respondents with higher income, and those with better tax knowledge show greater support for fully digital tax filing systems and mobile tax apps. A successful digital transformation of tax administration requires policies that support digital literacy and trust in digital public services.
The impact of the war in Ukraine on the development of wheat and rye prices: An analysis for the period 2018 - 2024
(Vysoká škola technická a ekonomická v Českých Budějovicích, 2025) Kaplanová, Beata; Kovač, Vilém; Ištok, Michal
The aim of the work is to assess the long-term development of wheat and rye prices in the period from 1 December 2018 to 1 April 2024 and to analyse the impact of the war in Ukraine on these prices. Analyses of the price development of these commodities are important for assessing economic stability and food availability. The prices are obtained by content analysis and then plotted in graphs. Using linear regression, it was found that the prices were not time dependent, Also, the prices of both commodities are found to be stable and very similar until the period of war in Ukraine. The latter had a significant impact on wheat and rye prices, with prices doubling after the start of the conflict. Subsequently, prices started to fall again, indicating market adaptation to the new conditions. Limitations of the study include the limited scope of the available data and the potential bias of the results due to the effects of other factors. Further research would benefit from including an extension of the analysis to include other influencing factors and increasing the frequency of data collection for more detailed analysis.
Analysis of life insurance contract cancellations using the accelerated failure time model
(Český statistický úřad : Praha, 2026) Mucha, Vladimír; Ďuďák Teplanová, Patrícia; Gogola, Ján; Špirková, Jana
The aim of this paper is to analyse the cancellation of life insurance contracts on death using an accelerated failure time (AFT) model. The study focuses on identifying risk factors that influence the time to cancellation, with the objective of determining which to identify those insureds who cancel their policies the fastest. The analysis revealed several notable findings regarding the impact of premium payment frequency on contract cancellation. Specifically, yearly premium payments were found to extend the time to cancellation by 27% compared with monthly payments, holding all other factors constant. For contracts with monthly premiums, 10% of clients cancel within approximately 376 days, whereas for yearly premiums, the corresponding period is 476 days. Additionally, the results indicate that clients who did not conclude their contracts through the tied agent distribution channel tend to cancel their policies sooner. The AFT model was constructed using established R packages for survival analysis.
Building trust in municipal environmental data through participatory open data ecosystem
(Forester Communications : Santa Barbara, 2026) Seberíni, Andrea; Vaňová, Anna; Vitálišová, Katarína
Trust is a fundamental precondition for effective governance in municipalities, enabling meaningful citizen participation and legitimate decision-making. Yet theoretical frameworks that systematically connect trust-building with participatory open data ecosystems remain scarce. Existing models tend to focus either on technical infrastructure or on governance mechanisms but rarely integrate both with community engagement in a comprehensive manner. This paper addresses this gap by asking: How can participatory open data ecosystems be designed and governed to build and sustain trust between municipalities and citizens in the domain of environmental data? Through a comparative theoretical analysis of municipal open data initiatives and drawing on insights from the Smart Transformation and Innovation Consortium Slovakia (STICS) project, we analyse three interconnected dimensions: technical infrastructure, governance mechanisms, and stakeholder engagement, and their relationship to different forms of trust. Building on the psychological literature on trust (particularly Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman, 1995; Lewicki and Bunker, 1996), the Trust-Centred Participatory Open Data Ecosystem (T-PODE) framework is proposed. The framework identifies three pillars of trust-building: data trust through technical transparency, institutional trust through participatory governance, and social trust through community co-creation. Contextualised within the STICS living laboratories operating in three Slovak regions, this paper contributes to the growing body of literature on open data ecosystems by explicitly positioning trust as both the central objective and the binding mechanism of participatory data governance at the municipal level.
Decoding regional dynamics: Institutions, innovation, and regional development in the EU
(Wiley Publishing : Hoboken, 2026) Borseková, Kamila; Koróny, Samuel; Rodríguez-Pose, Andrés; Styk, Michal; Westlund, Hans
The importance of institutions and innovation for regional development is well established. How these two factors interact under different historical legacies and urban-regional contexts remains, however, insufficiently understood. This paper identifies which combinations of institutional and innovation indicators most effectively classify regions into distinct developmental archetypes, revealing critical thresholds that redirect regional trajectories. Employing decision-tree analysis on 233 EU NUTS-2 regions, we analyse 15 indicators spanning institutional quality, technological readiness, business sophistication, and innovation. This methodology uncovers non-linear relationships that traditional approaches cannot capture. The findings demonstrate that institutional quality acts as a necessary condition for innovation-led growth. High-performing regions, predominantly in Western and Northern Europe, benefit from robust institutions and strong innovation outputs. Many lower-performing regions, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe, exhibit innovation potential but are constrained by governance deficits. By integrating institutional and innovation indicators within a single analytical framework, we underscore how addressing governance and innovation in tandem can result in balanced and sustainable growth across Europe.
ESG performance and bank financial stability: Global evidence
(Institute of Economic Research : Olsztyn, 2026) Musa, Hussam; Rech, Frederik; Grofčíková, Janka; Cúg, Juraj
Research background: The link between environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance and bank financial stability is of high academic and regulatory interest, yet global evidence is mixed. Clarifying this relation is important for resilient banking systems under rising sustainability pressures. Purpose of the article: To examine the association between ESG performance and bank financial stability, assessing both composite scores and the individual pillars, and documenting heterogeneity across bank financial stability, ESG profiles, and economic conditions. Methods: The analysis draws on a global panel of 4,466 bank-year observations from 688 banks across 84 countries over 2013–2024. ESG data come from MSCI ESG Ratings, and bank financial stability is measured using the natural logarithm of the Z-score. Baseline estimates use fixed effects with bank, country, and year effects. To account for persistence and potential endogeneity in bank financial stability, we additionally estimate dynamic panel models using the two-step Arellano–Bond GMM estimator. Findings & value added: The composite ESG score is positively associated with bank financial stability, but the effect is economically and statistically negligible in fixed effects models. Pillars diverge: governance is positive and significant, social is negative, and environmental shows no clear link. Heterogeneity is pronounced, with ESG aligning with higher bank financial stability mainly among already stable banks, while fragile banks face adverse associations. During the COVID‑19 period, the social pillar improves toward neutral or mildly beneficial, while the governance effect weakens. Dynamic GMM yields a stronger positive composite association and uniformly positive pillar effects, suggesting static models understate benefits due to endogeneity and persistence. The central contribution of this paper lies in its reconceptualization of the ESG–bank financial stability relationship as fundamentally state‑ and capacity‑contingent. By demonstrating that ESG functions not as a universal remedy but as a conditional strategic asset that benefits financially robust institutions, and by revealing how pillar‑specific effects exhibit distinct shifts during systemic crises, this paper provides a novel dynamic framework that advances both theoretical understanding and the practical design of risk management and prudential supervision in an era of escalating global uncertainty.

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