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Význam integrácie zamestnaneckých kolónií do procesu transformácie Lužického a hornonitrianskeho hnedouhoľného revíru na príklade záhradného mesta Marga a sídliska Píly
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2026) Krešáková, Viera
This paper explores the transformation of two lignite mining regions—Lusatia (Germany) and Upper Nitra (Slovakia)—in the context of coal phase-out and regional rebranding. It identifies core principles of the IBA Fürst‑Pückler‑Land programme and assesses their transferability to Upper Nitra through a comparative case study of Garden City Marga and the Píly housing estate in Prievidza. The study combines document analysis with field observations and qualitative inputs (commented walks and an interview). Results show that the Lusatian approach integrates intermediary programme management, thematic framing and tourism-oriented branding. In Upper Nitra, the Píly estate demonstrates significant heritage and interpretation potential, supported by a large sgraffito corpus and emerging digital tools. Transferable measures include on-site interpretation, regular guided tours, thematic routes, a visitor point and heritage protection, while key barriers involve uncoordinated retrofitting, missing restoration guidelines and unstable funding.
Consumer behavior of generations Y and Z from the perspective of Slovak zero-waste stores
(Fakulta veřejnosprávních a ekonomických studií v Uherském Hradišti, 2026) Gundová, Petra; Škvareninová, Dagmar; Hroncová Vicianová, Jana
The objective of this study is to examine how representatives of zero-waste stores in Slovakia perceive the consumer behaviour of Generations Y and Z. To fulfil this objective, the research primarily employed a survey method in the form of semi-structured interviews, supported by general scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, and comparison. The empirical section presents findings from interviews conducted with three Slovak zero-waste store representatives (Majú, Do batôžka, and Špajza). These interviews explored how operators of such businesses interpret customer behaviour and what challenges they face within the Slovak market environment. The findings offer practical insights into both entrepreneurial and consumer-related motivations and barriers associated with the adoption of environmentally responsible practices. In this way, the empirical evidence complements the theoretical framework with real-world perspectives from the sustainable retail sector in Slovakia. The results indicate that while Generations Y and Z demonstrate a declared interest in sustainability, their actual purchasing behaviour is constrained by factors such as higher product prices, limited store accessibility, and insufficient consumer awareness.
Zadlžovanie slovenských domácností. Stav, dynamika a súvislosti
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2026) Hošková, Katarína; Ľapinová, Erika
In our paper, we want to draw attention to the issue of household debt. In Slovakia, which was previously known for low levels of debt, the rate and growth of debt have increased more in the past decade than in the rest of Europe or in the V4 countries, and experts warn about the economic and social risks of this phenomenon, especially when debt goes beyond certain limits. Our goal is to describe the state and development of household debt in Slovakia, compare it with the rest of Europe, and identify the determinants and consequences of private household debt in Slovakia. In the paper, we use official data on household indebtedness collected as part of the harmonized European survey of the European Central Bank called the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS).
Determinants of digital technology adoption in SMEs: a gendered TOE analysis across emerging economies with implications for European policy
(Pro Global Science Association : Bukurešť, 2026) Mešťan, Michal; Seberíni, Andrea; Kasseeah, Harshana; Gokhool, Suneila
The European Union's digital trade and development agenda increasingly intersects with the question of how intelligent technologies diffuse among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in emerging economies. This study examines the key technological, organisational, and environmental factors that facilitate or hinder the adoption of digital and artificial intelligence technologies among SMEs across Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. The central research question asks what determines technology adoption in emerging-market SMEs and how gender ownership moderates these patterns and their effect on firm performance outcomes. The study employs a systematic literature review with thematic meta-synthesis, drawing on 37 peer-reviewed studies selected through a rigorous PRISMA-compliant screening process covering the period 2015-2024. The analysis is structured within the Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) framework, complemented by the Technology Acceptance Model, the Resource-Based View, the Dynamic Capabilities View, the Diffusion of Innovation theory, and Institutional Theory. The findings reveal that perceived usefulness, infrastructure availability, management support, innovation culture, institutional quality, and cultural norms are the primary determinants of technology adoption, with gender ownership systematically shaping adoption trajectories across all contexts. Women-owned SMEs face compounding barriers including lower digital literacy, constrained access to financial capital, weaker mentorship networks, and more restrictive cultural and institutional environments. The results identify targeted digital infrastructure investment, gender-inclusive financing mechanisms, and institutional reforms as essential policy responses. By mapping how EU regulatory and financing frameworks (including the AI Act, the Global Gateway strategy, and EIB/EBRD instruments) intersect with technology adoption conditions in emerging economies, this study offers a bridge between emerging market research and European trade and development policy.
The influence of people development programs on the business processes quality in organizations with the implemented ISO 10015 standard
(Center for Quality, University of Montenegro : Podgorica, 2026) Závadský, Ján; Veselovská, Lenka; Závadská, Zuzana; Osvaldová, Zuzana
This study examines the impact of people development programs (PDPs) on business process quality in organizations implementing the ISO 10015 standard. The research focuses on the relationship between PDPs and the number of failures among employees, distinguishing between production operators and administrative staff. A questionnaire was administered to 1980 employees across 68 Slovak companies certified under ISO 9001 and using ISO 10015. The results indicate a strong negative correlation (r = -0.78) between PDP participation and failures among production operators, suggesting significant improvements in process quality. However, no significant relationship was found for administrative staff (r = -0.04). The findings reveal a marked difference between these groups regarding PDP effectiveness. Overall, a moderate negative correlation (r = -0.51) was observed across all employees, affirming that PDPs enhance business process quality by reducing employee failures. These insights underscore the importance of PDPs in fostering operational efficiency, particularly among production personnel.
Economic and pactical aspects of the use of modern management methods in hotels. A case study
(ASERS Publishing : Craiova, 2026) Šebová, Ľubica; Chovanová, Klára; Marčeková, Radka; Švec, Adrián
Modern management methods have been extensively studied in the hospitality sector; however, empirical evidence from Central European post-transition economies remains limited. Recent studies from the region have examined general performance measurement practices or process management orientation, yet systematic data on the implementation of specific management tools in hotels have been largely absent. This study addresses this gap by investigating the adoption of five modern management methods - Benchmarking, Balanced Scorecard, Total Quality Management, Six Sigma, and Lean - in Slovak hotels. Based on a questionnaire survey of 56 hotels across different categories, ownership types, and sizes, the study employs non-parametric statistical methods (Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests) using SPSS software. The findings reveal that 38% of surveyed hotels actively use at least one modern management method, 41% plan to implement such methods, while 21% neither use nor plan to adopt them. Benchmarking emerges as the most widely adopted method (30%), followed by Balanced Scorecard (19%) and TQM (17%), whereas Six Sigma adoption remains marginal (9%). Statistical analysis found no significant differences in adoption rates across hotel categories, ownership types, or size classifications (p > 0.05). The study provides the first systematic empirical evidence on management method adoption in Slovak hotels and offers practical implications for hospitality managers and policymakers in the region.
Demographic shifts and the residential preferences of young adults in a post-socialist context: the case of Slovakia
(Centre for Demographic Research : Belehrad, 2026) Cole, David Austin; Murray Svidroňová, Mária; Gubalová, Jolana; Strnádová, Petra
Slovakia is experiencing population ageing, declining fertility, and structural changes in the spatial distribution of young adults. This study examines demographic shifts among individuals aged 20–40 between 2011 and 2022 and evaluates how these trends align with the stated residential preferences of young adults. Using administrative data from the Slovak Social Insurance Company covering more than three million employed individuals, the study involved analyzing changes in population size, gender composition, employment, and housing type across urban cores, commuter zones, micropolitan centers, and rural municipalities. The research concentrates on the age group of 20–40-year-olds, as it is pivotal in terms of economic activity and child-rearing. The results were compared with long-term qualitative research on housing, family, and work preferences derived from the student essays collected since 2011. The findings reveal a substantial decline of the 20–40-year-old population, particularly in urban centers and socialist-era housing estates, alongside a relative demographic stability in commuter zones and selected rural areas. Gender imbalances persist, with the female-dominated urban regions and male-dominated rural areas influencing local fertility patterns. Overall, the findings show a persistent preference for suburban, low-density housing – characterized by detached housing and access to private outdoor spaces. These preferences remain stable across analyzed generations Y and Z) and are in contrast with the prevailing planning agendas that prioritize compact cities and inner-city densification. The main contribution of this research is its empirical challenge to the widely held assumption, common in urban economics and spatial planning, that demographic change among young adults necessarily reinforces urban concentration. The study concludes that housing and spatial policies should better reflect demographic realities and residential aspirations in an ageing post-socialist society.
Gender and educational inequalities in active ageing: evidence from Slovakia in a European context
(Centre for Demographic Research : Belehrad, 2026) Seberíni, Andrea; Kaščáková, Alena; Hužvár, Miroslav
This study examines employment patterns among older workers in Slovakia compared to the European Union (EU), focusing on the Employment Domain of the Active Ageing Index (AAI). Using the Eurostat demographic data (2010–2024) and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) AAI measurements (2010–2020), we investigate gender and educational gaps across the age cohorts 55–74. Drawing on cumulative advantage theory and institutional legacy frameworks, the study addresses three hypotheses regarding socialist-era legacies, progressive educational stratification, and retirement age effects. Slovakia experiences rapid demographic ageing, with the population aged 65+ growing more than twice as fast as the EU-27 average between 2010–2024, and the old-age dependency ratio increasing at more than double the EU-27 rate. Slovakia’s AAI ranking improved from the last place in 2010 to the 21st position in 2020. The study disaggregates Employment Domain scores by gender and educational attainment across all four age cohorts, an analysis not previously conducted for Slovakia within the AAI framework. Gender analysis reveals that Slovakia demonstrates one of the smallest employment gender gaps in the EU, substantially below the EU-28 mean, with particularly balanced outcomes in the 55–59 age cohort. The 60–64 age group shows maximum gender disparities across all EU countries, coinciding with retirement age transitions. Educational gaps widen dramatically with age, from a modest difference in the 55–59 cohort to more than three times higher employment rates for tertiary-educated workers in the 70–74 cohort, indicating progressive cumulative disadvantage for lower-educated older workers. The findings support Slovakia’s active ageing initiatives while highlighting urgent needs for targeted interventions: gradual retirement pathways for the 60–64 cohort, workplace health promotion in physically demanding occupations, and lifelong learning programmes addressing educational stratification.
Biosphere reserve as a model territory for sustainable development: the value of nature and culture from a community perspective
(De Gruyter Poland : Warsaw, 2026) Reháková, Mária; Vitálišová, Katarína; Fabriciusová, Vladimíra
Biosphere reserves are distinctive landscapes where the relationship between ecological integrity and cultural heritage provides a basis for sustainable living. By applying principles of endogenous and place-based regional development, this paper evaluates the potential of biosphere reserves as model territories for sustainable development and examines the role of nature and culture as key elements shaping community life. The study explores the main factors influencing quality of life within biosphere reserves, identifies the importance of local community involvement and participation in sustainable development processes, and considers the limitations of these efforts. This comprehensive analysis helps test the research assumption that biosphere reserves offer an effective framework for implementing sustainable development principles with the support of local communities. A mixed-methods approach was applied, integrating secondary data analysis with primary data collected through surveys and interviews with local residents and stakeholders. The findings indicate that nature and culture are viewed by the local population as the primary assets of the Poľana Biosphere Reserve, with a strong appreciation for preserved traditions, crafts, folklore, and the natural landscape. Factor analysis further confirmed that the potential for natural and cultural development, along with participation and partnerships, represent the most significant dimensions influencing the perceived quality of life in the area. The results confirm that biosphere reserves function as learning environments where environmental, socio-cultural, and economic dimensions are closely interconnected. Local residents perceive the biosphere reserve designation as an opportunity for development, particularly in the areas of sustainable tourism and agrotourism. At the same time, the findings highlight that environmental and cultural aspects of life within biosphere reserves are evaluated very positively by the local population. The study concludes that biosphere reserves managed through participatory governance and active community involvement can serve as model territories for integrating environmental protection, socio-cultural values, and locally rooted economic development. Such territories can effectively support the implementation of sustainable development goals, although certain limitations remain. Community participation, traditional knowledge, and a strong place-based identity play a crucial role in ensuring long-term sustainability and resilience. Overall, the research contributes to broadening the discussion on biosphere reserves by extending it beyond ecological perspectives to also include socio-economic and spatial planning dimensions.
Industry differences in ESG risk: an analysis using morningstar sustainalytics data
(Slezská univerzita v Opavě, Obchodně podnikatelská fakulta v Karviné, 2026) Grofčíková, Janka; Musa, Hussam; Kovalová, Erika
Environmental, social and governance factors have become increasingly important for investors, businesses and policymakers, particularly in the context of reducing information asymmetry and promoting sustainable business models. The study analysed differences in the level of environmental, social and governance risk across industries, ranked them by risk level and identified groups of industries with similar levels of risk. The aim of the study was to statistically verify the existence of differences across industries, with the aim of contributing to a better understanding of the distribution of risk across industries and supporting informed decision-making by relevant actors. The analysis was based on a database containing data on the risk level of 13,355 companies operating in 41 industries of the global economy. The data were obtained from the Morningstar Sustainalytics database. Non-parametric statistical methods were used to verify differences across industries. The robustness of the identified grouping structure was additionally verified using hierarchical cluster analysis. The results of pairwise comparisons showed statistically significant differences across industries. Based on these findings, industries were systematically arranged into nine groups according to risk level, from lowest to highest risk. The results provided a clear classification of industries and highlighted the existence of significant differences in risk levels across industries.
Participatívny rozpočet v Banskej Bystrici: Rozvoj, výzvy a pokrok (2014-2024)
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2026) Švoňavcová, Margaréta; Vaňová, Anna
The purpose of this paper is to present a detailed analysis of participatory budgeting as a mechanism for engaging the public in decision-making, while also identifying the main challenges associated with its implementation and development. The study focuses on the evolution and functioning of participatory budgeting in the city of Banská Bystrica. By applying both qualitative and quantitative approaches, it utilizes municipal data from 2014 to 2024 along with relevant literature to explore and interpret the factors that influence the effectiveness of participatory budgeting at the local level. The first section outlines the fundamental concepts and historical development of participatory budgeting. The second section examines the local process, detailing its rules, key stages, and the various ways in which citizens can participate. A statistical analysis then explores the relationships between the budget amount, the number of submitted projects, and voter turnout, while also taking into account the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the introduction of online voting via the Decidim platform in 2024. The findings reveal persistent challenges, including insufficient public communication, complicated procedures, and limited political support. At the same time, they point to positive developments, such as improved accessibility through online voting and a planned revision of the budgeting statute. Overall, the study concludes that participatory budgeting in Banská Bystrica has shown progress since 2023, but it still requires stronger institutional support and greater citizen engagement to fully realize its potential.
Profitability index in the accommodation services sector in Slovakia
(Technická univerzita v Liberci, 2026) Špirková, Jana; Vinczeová, Miroslava
Considering evolving market dynamics, high fixed costs and vulnerability to external shocks, such as the impact of the ongoing global pandemic, it has become increasingly important to assess profitability in the accommodation sector. This study proposes a composite profitability index for accommodation services in Slovakia, which integrates traditional financial indicators such as return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA) and return on sales (ROS), as well as broader indicators such as the value-added-to-sales ratio (VAS) and EBITDA margin. Each indicator captures a distinct aspect of financial health, from operational efficiency to capital utilisation and value creation. To ensure methodological robustness, the study employs three expert-based weighting techniques: the exact Saaty method, the approximate Saaty method and the best-worst method. A panel of 14 experts in economics, finance and hospitality management participated in a Delphi-based survey to evaluate the relative importance and optimal values of each indicator. All methods ranked ROA as the most critical metric, followed by ROS and ROE, meanwhile, EBITDA margin and VAS were considered less significant, yet still essential, for a comprehensive assessment. Using sectoral data and applying normalised scoring, the index captures profitability trends from 2020 to 2023. The aim of the study is to develop a composite profitability index for the accommodation services sector in Slovakia, based on the identified limitations of traditional indicators. The results show a marked post-pandemic recovery, with profitability index scores rising steadily across all weighting methods. Notably, the best-worst method yielded consistently higher index values, indicating its sensitivity to prioritisation extremes. This composite index provides accommodation businesses and policymakers with a practical tool for benchmarking, strategic planning and improving long-term financial sustainability in a volatile and…
(A)synchronicity in Okun coefficients amongst 38 OECD countries
(Palgrave Macmillan : London, 2026) Boďa, Martin; Považanová, Mariana; Tichá Michaela
For 38 OECD countries during the period 1991–2022, the paper estimates time-varying trajectories of unemployment-based and employment-based Okun coefficients and studies their synchronicity. Schlicht’s VC method is utilized to estimate Okun coefficients and time-series clustering is applied to identify groups of economies with synchronous business cycle characteristics. The findings defy two prevalent beliefs of Okun’s law since many countries display constant or almost constant trajectories of the (un)employment-output sensitivity, and for many countries Okun’s law need not be stronger in a downturn. Furthermore, countries do not synchronize in their business cycle dynamics as shown in disparate trajectories of Okun coefficients, which argues against a single one-size-fits-all stabilization policy, certainly in less homogeneous economic blocks. Finally, there is strong evidence for labour market flows into and outside the labour force that are associated with informal sector size and translated into lesser sensitivity of official labour market variables across the business cycle.
Impact of the longevity risk on permanent life annuity in the context of IFRS 17
(De Gruyter Poland : Warsaw, 2026) Špirková, Jana; Zelinová, Silvia; Zimmermann, Pavel; Mucha, Vladimír
Longevity risk – the risk that policyholders outlive expected mortality projections – poses a significant challenge to the financial sustainability of pension insurance. This paper investigates the valuation of permanent life annuities under IFRS 17, the accounting standard that fundamentally reshaped actuarial reporting in 2023. We propose a robust mortality model that integrates a selection factor to more accurately capture the idiosyncratic longevity of annuity holders. Furthermore, the study quantifies the Risk Adjustment (RA) for non-financial risks using the Cost of Capital (CoC) method, aligning with Solvency II valuation principles. Our results demonstrate how precise longevity modelling influences the Contractual Service Margin (CSM) and overall liability adequacy. These findings offer critical insights for insurers aiming to balance product stability with the rigorous transparency requirements of IFRS 17.
Spotrebiteľské správanie generácie Y a Z v kontexte udržateľnej spotreby
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2026) Gundová, Petra; Tichá, Kristína
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the consumer behavior of Generations Y and Z in the field of sustainable products and to identify the factors that most influence their decision-making in this area, based on the results of a questionnaire survey. The findings may contribute to a better and deeper understanding of the consumer behavior of Generations Y and Z in relation to sustainability. Primary quantitative research was conducted on a sample of 331 respondents. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test of independence, and graphical data presentation. Representatives of Generation Y exhibit a higher interest in sustainability issues. Sustainability is most frequently associated with waste reduction, recycling, minimalism, and environmental protection. Nearly 80% of respondents recycle waste regularly, with this habit being more pronounced particularly among Generation Y. Only 37% of respondents place the greatest emphasis on sustainability when selecting food products. The results of the primary research indicate that while there is an interest in sustainability, in most cases, it does not play a decisive role in purchasing behavior.
Identifying systemically important banks: A transfer entropy approach
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2026) Prokopová, Noémi; Zoričaková, Jana; Šafár, Leoš; Mešťan, Michal
In recent years, the banking sector has been exposed to several negative shocks, leading to higher interconnectedness and increased systemic risk. The aim of this study is to examine the structure of the global banking sector and identify systemically important banking institutions in the context of risk transmission. Using daily stock price data from 77 global banks from November 2015 to December 2025, we apply the transfer entropy method to construct a TE-weighted network. The results confirm a high degree of interconnectedness within the banking sector. Banks such as BoCom, Goldman Sachs, Industrial Bank, KB Financial Group, and HDFC Bank are identified as the most systemically important banks. These banks primarily act as receivers of risk, which they may subsequently transmit to other parts of the system. In contrast, banks such as Deutsche Bank, PNC, and Hua Xia Bank represent key sources of risk transmission within the banking sector.
Factors influencing organizational resilience of tourism businesses
(Univerza v Mariboru : Kranj, 2026) Marciš, Matúš; Zabudská, Eva; Kvasnová, Diana; Mazúchová, Ľudmila
Background and purpose: With ongoing disruptions that affect various sectors, understanding organizational resilience is crucial, especially in tourism businesses. However, studies focusing on organizational resilience often lack objective data and rely on subjective opinions. Even fewer studies combine company data with insights from managers. Therefore, this study aims to explore resilience factors in tourism businesses and strategies used by less resilient ones during the COVID-19 crisis. Methods: This study used a mixed-method approach to explore organizational resilience, combining company data analysis with insights from tourism managers. Quantitatively, data from 624 Slovakian tourism businesses were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, binary logistic regression, and survival analysis to explore resilience factors. Based on this, qualitative interviews with 10 managers of less resilient businesses examined crisis coping strategies. Results: The findings reveal that business size and age are significant predictors of resilience, with larger and newer businesses demonstrating a higher probability of maintaining or recovering pre-pandemic revenue levels. Regarding financial indicators, the analysis suggests that rapid debt growth may represent a potential vulnerability. In addition, accommodation services were found to be generally more resilient than restaurants and travel agencies. Qualitative results highlight that less resilient businesses frequently employed coping strategies such as renegotiating financial terms, reducing staff, and temporary closures. Conclusion: Tourism stakeholders should take these implications into account and assess the key factors that may strengthen organizational resilience.
Customer relationship management and communication in sustainable hotel practice
(Univerzita sv. Cyrila a Metoda v Trnave, Fakulta masmediálnej komunikácie, 2026) Šebová, Ľubica; Marčeková, Radka; Albertová, Alica; Chovanová, Klára; Švec, Adrián
This study explores how hotels in Slovakia use Customer Relationship Management (CRM) as a communication-driven strategy to build and maintain guest relationships. CRM is examined as a framework that integrates multiple communication channels and touchpoints to enhance guest satisfaction, foster loyalty, and contribute to the long-term sustainable performance of hotel enterprises. Four hypotheses were formulated regarding hotel customer orientation, communication channels, influencing factors and barriers to CRM implementation. These hypotheses were tested using data from an online questionnaire survey completed by hotels in Slovakia. Results show that hotel classification and size, especially the number of employees, significantly affect the scope of CRM communication activities. Financial constraints emerged as a key barrier. The findings provide valuable insights into how communication practices within CRM frameworks can be benchmarked across the hospitality sector to support more sustainable business operations.
Book review: Supplementary financial security for the silver generation
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2026) Zimková, Emília
Recenzia na: Supplementary financial security for the silver generation / Joanna Dębicka, Stanisław Heilpern ... [et al.]. 1. vyd. - Wroclaw : Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 2025. ISBN 978-83-68394-28-3. Dostupné na: https://aap.umb.sk/?page_id=4570
Analysing interregional disparities in the EU. An application of beta and sigma convergence
(Cluj University Press : Kluž, 2025) Kožiak, Radoslav; Hvolková, Lenka; Klement, Ladislav; Klementová, Vladimíra; Elexa, Ľuboš
Implementation of regional policy has a long tradition in the European economic space. Since the beginning of European integration in the mid-20th century, a common regional policy based on cohesion, solidarity, and redistribution began to take shape. This paper is focused on the examination of the development of regional disparities in EU27 (27 European Union member states). This phenomenon is characterized by its ‘inertial’ nature, despite the implementation of a relatively generous system of instruments, particularly financial ones, in less developed countries and regions. However, it cannot be unequivocally proven that this is caused by inefficient, inappropriate, or misdirected redistribution within the EU27. The neoclassical concept of β-convergence and σ-convergence enables the identification of the RD’s (Regional Disparities) tendency within more than 20 years. To prove the results as accurately as possible and compare the development of interregional disparities, the analysis was conducted on the crucial macroeconomic indicator “GDP” (Gross Domestic Product) expressed in PPP (Purchasing Power Parity), not only at the level of EU (European Union) member states, but also at the regional levels. The results of this research reveal that despite the long-term implementation of the common cohesion policy there is a continuous deepening of interregional disparities at all examined NUTS (Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics) levels.

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