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Infradiánne osobitosti hematologickej variácie športovkýň
(Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, 2024) Pupiš, Martin; Burzalová, Hana; Pupišová, Zuzana; Bako, Kristián
The aim of the present research was to define the infradian peculiarities of hematological variation in female athletes. The research was conducted in the form of a case study on four female endurance elite athletes (18-24 years old). Each female athlete underwent 4-5 tests, which were performed on each of them individually according to the phases of the menstrual cycle. The testing was carried out chronologically in the following time sequence: T1 10-8 days before menstruation (hereafter M), T2 4-3 days before M, T3 during M, T4 1-2 days after M, T5 9-10 days after M. All testing was carried out under the same conditions and according to the WADA rules. Collections were performed at 8:00 h ± 30 min fasting. The results demonstrated the fact that there was a significant hormonal response in female athletes who were menstruating and, on the contrary, there was only moderate hormone variability in female athletes who were not menstruating during the study. The results of the research demonstrate that more pronounced hematological variability was noted in female athletes with menstruation. Based on the results, it can be concluded that strict recording of the phase of the menstrual cycle should be considered when assessing the results in the biological passport of female athletes.
Is an altitude below 1400 m above sea level sufficient to trigger an adaptive response?
(Edizioni Minerva Medica : Turin, 2026) Pupiš, Martin; Pupišová, Zuzana; Bako, Kristián
BACKGROUND: Over the past 2 decades, our studies have revealed that despite extensive research, many unanswered questions persist regarding hypoxic preparation and the resulting adaptive response. For these reasons, we believe it is essential to investigate the impact of environmental hypoxia at altitudes below 1500 m above sea level on the parameters monitored in the athlete’s biological passport (ABP). METHODS: The research was conducted as a pilot part of research on a group of seven Slovak endurance athletes (4 males, 3 females) aged 22-27 years who are active in athletics and cross-country skiing. All participants have extensive experience with hypoxic training (more than 5 years). As part of the research, we monitored their adaptive response to hypoxic conditions at altitudes up to 1350 m above sea level. RESULTS: The findings from the study conducted on seven athletes affirm that, contrary to typical interpretations (such as those in the ABP sampling protocol), even hypoxic conditions at 1350 m above sea level can have a notable impact on the outcomes analyzed in the ABP. The results showed that exposure to hypoxia below 1350 m above sea level resulted in a reduction in hemoglobin levels, while a contrary trend was observed for reticulocytes. This trend was reflected in the Off-score, showing a decrease across all cases. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained confirmed the effect of hypoxic conditions at altitudes up to 1350 m above sea level on erythropoiesis.
The effect of caffeine on running performance in performance triathletes
(Independent Publisher Zhanneta Kozina : Charkov, 2024) Bako, Kristián; Hlávek, Michal; Burská, Ivana; Pavlović, Ratko
Background and purpose: In an endurance sport such as triathlon, coaches at the elite level strive to select an appropriate nutritional strategy prior to performance in addition to optimizing the training process. Based on this, the research in question was designed with the aim to verify the effect of caffeine on the running performance of performance triathletes during the preparation period. Purpose is to determine the effect of caffeine on running performance in triathletes. Material and methods: The study sample consisted of 8 performance triathletes from the TRIAN club of ŠK UMB Banská Bystrica, whose age was 16.7 ± 0.67 years. Diagnostics were run on InSPORTline Condi T6000i treadmill with the aim of detecting lactate and blood sugar levels (mmol/l) before the performance and within 10 seconds after the performance. The blood lactate level was detected with the portable device Lactate Scout+ and the blood glucose level was measured with the Wellion CALLA light glucose meter. The running pace at which the participants performed the test was at anaerobic threshold and they attempted to cover a distance of 1,500 m at a constant incline of 3%. The testing took place 1 time per week in the morning hours (08:00-08:30). On the second day after the initial testing from 01.03.2023 to 14.03.2023, the participants started taking placebo (magnesii lactas) on a daily basis in form of capsules. The participants took 2 capsules (200 mg magnesium) which they consumed with 200 mL of water 45 to 60 minutes before each morning workout/test. This was followed by the administration of caffeine capsules, which they consumed for an additional 2 weeks from 03.15.2023 to 03.28.2023. The participants consumed caffeine capsules at 5 mg/kg body weight 45 to 60 minutes before each morning workout/test. The intervention programme lasted 5 weeks. Results: When administering caffeine capsules at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight, there was a significant reduction of approximately 26% in the average blood lactate level of the participants after the 1,500 m run. The participants' mean blood glucose levels increased by approximately 4.9% after the 1500 m run. Conclusions: Based on the results we can claim that for ergogenic effects on performance we recommend supplementing with 5mg/kg body weight of caffeine approximately 45 to 60 minutes before training.
The impact of blood sampling location on results in the athlete's biological passport
(Edizioni Minerva Medica : Turin, 2026) Pupiš, Martin; Brünn, David; Sýkora, Jozef; Pupišová, Zuzana; Bako, Kristián
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess whether the arm from which the blood sample was taken could potentially affect the results of the athlete’s biological passport (ABP) data. METHODS: The study involved 25 adult male athletes aged between 20 and 35 years old. The analysis took place in an accredited laboratory, where all participants had their blood collected in the morning after fasting from both the right and left arms. Regarding the evaluation, we focused on the parameters monitored in the ABP (hemoglobin, reticulocytes, Off-score). The sampling was carried out at 8:00 a.m. The parameters analyzed were those monitored in the athlete’s biological passport: hemoglobin and reticulocytes, from which the Off-score was derived (Off-score = Hgb × 10-60 × (√reticulocytes). RESULTS: The research results suggest that the sampling location - that is, from which arm the blood was sampled, may have a significant impact on the data interpreted in the ABP. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, we recommend further research focused on investigating potential differences caused by the location of blood sampling. Future research should involve conducting similar measurements on a larger sample size of both athletes and non-athletes.
Vplyv silovo-vytrvalostného tréningu na zmeny v skóre funkčnej pohybovej diagnostiky u triatlonistov
(Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, 2024) Bako, Kristián; Franek, Vladimír
The rivalry of triathletes and the effort to push their performance limits forces them to think through their entire preparation in detail, to use time efficiently, to prepare their bodies not only for maximum performance, but also to analyse the occurrence of possible injuries. For this reason, it is necessary to include triathlon diagnostics in the training process which serves as feedback for the triathlete and the coach on how they train and at what performance level they are. Based on this knowledge, the study verifies the impact of strength-endurance training on score changes of Functional Movement Screen of triathletes. The research included 8 performance triathletes from TRIAN ŠK UMB triathlon club Banská Bystrica whose age was 17.26 ± 0.59 years with a body height of 175.8 ± 7.4 cm and a body weight of 63.2 ± 5.8 kg. To obtain information about the triathletes, the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) was used and was performed without warm up, so that the obtained values were not affected. 3 external examiners who are certified experts in Functional Movement Screen were included to ensure the testing objectivity. Data recording was done manually and registered into the Functional Movement Screen Score Sheet. Input and output testing took place in the morning hours under the same conditions. The training program ran for 8 weeks in the preparatory period from 16/01/2024 to 07/03/2024 and was implemented 2 times a week. When comparing the input and output data, the experimental group recorded a significant improvement in the average point score of the triathletes from 12.25 ± 2.17 points to 15.75 ± 1.92 points which represents an improvement in the FMS score by 28.6%. The control group also registered an average improvement from 12.25 ± 1.92 to 13 ± 1.22 points which represents an improvement of 6.1%. The results show that a strength-endurance training program will have a higher effect on changes in Functional Movement Screen scores in triathletes than a uniform training method. Due to lower number of the triathletes the further and wider investigation of the issue is recommended.
Zmeny v zložení tela triatlonistov počas obdobia silovej prípravy
(Universum : Prešov, 2025) Bako, Kristián; Hlávek, Michal; Barčák, Patrik; Pupiš, Martin
The triathlete's effort of being faster, stronger and mostly more enduring requires to think about through their entire preparation in detail. To prepare their bodies for maximum performance, it is necessary to achieve certain changes in terms of body composition. Body composition diagnostics serve as feedback for the triathlete and the coach on their muscle mass and body fat percentage, so it is appropriate to include it in the training process. Based on this knowledge, this research investigates how strength-conditioning training affects changes in body composition in triathletes. The research included 8 high-performance triathletes from TRIAN ŠK UMB Banská Bystrica triathlon club whose age was 17.26 ± 0.59 years with a body height of 175.8 ± 7.4 cm and a body weight of 63.2 ± 5.8 kg. Tanita MC-780MA device was used to obtain the necessary data of the triathletes. This multi-frequency body composition analyser is at the level of 3 frequencies which ensures high accuracy on 100 g. These data were stored on the SD memory card and then, after pairing using a Bluetooth adapter, it was transferred to a computer with Windows 10 OS. Input and output measurements took place in the morning under the same conditions. The training program ran for 8 weeks in the preparatory period from 16. 01. 2024 to 07. 03. 2024 and was implemented twice a week. When comparing the input and output data, the experimental group recorded an average increase in muscle mass of 1.1 ± 1.36 kg and a decrease in body fat % of -0.98 ± 0.43%, while the control group recorded an average increase in muscle mass of 0.43 ± 0.47 kg and a decrease in body fat % of -0.63 ± 0.98%. The results suggest that a strength-endurance training program will have a greater effect on changing body composition in triathletes than a uniform training method. Given the smaller number of subjects, a broader investigation of the issue is recommended.

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