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Adolescent sleep quality as critical component of healthy lifestyle
(Independent Publisher Zhanneta Kozina : Charkov, 2024) Adamčák, Štefan; Marko, Michal; Bartik, Pavol
Background and purpose: Adolescence is a critical period for physical, emotional, and cognitive development. High-quality sleep during this phase is essential for healthy growth, emotional well-being, optimal weight, and learning. These factors significantly influence the academic achievements of young people. Purpose: to develop and experimentally justify the methodology of training basketball teams of humanitarian higher educational institutions, taking into account the psychophysiological capabilities of the players. Material and methods: The sample consisted of 626 secondary vocational school students aged 17 years from the Central Slovakia region (353 girls and 273 boys). Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The questionnaires were distributed electronically via Google Forms from October 2023 to March 2024. The results were analyzed with an emphasis on gender differences using the chi-square test (χ2), F-test, and independent t-test at significance levels of p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively. Results: The majority of students, both boys and girls, fell asleep between 11:00 PM and midnight. The average bedtime was 10:54 PM for girls and 10:50 PM for boys, with no significant differences between genders. Significant differences were found in wake-up times, with nearly 40% of girls waking up before 6:00 AM, compared to only 24% of boys (p<0.01). Boys experienced fewer difficulties falling asleep, with 21% falling asleep within 15 minutes (p<0.05). The average sleep duration was 6 hours and 28 minutes for girls and 6 hours and 55 minutes for boys, a statistically significant difference (p<0.01). Sleep efficiency was higher in boys (84.25%) compared to girls (78.75%). Sleep problems, daytime dysfunction, and mood changes were more frequent among girls (p<0.01). Only 28.33% of girls and 39.19% of boys had good sleep quality (p<0.01), while 17.00% of girls and 4.40% of boys exhibited severe sleep disturbances Conclusions: Our findings indicate significant gender differences in sleep habits and quality, consistent with existing literature. These results highlight the need for increased attention to sleep issues among adolescents and the implementation of preventive and intervention measures to improve sleep quality, which could have a positive impact on their overall health and well-being.
An intervention for improving posture in school-age boys: Evidence from out-of-school settings
(Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne, 2025) Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Mandzáková, Martina; Kľocová Adamčáková, Zora
Introduction: Postural deviations in school-age boys represent growing public health concerns, often linked to sedentary behavior, insufficient physical activity, and inadequate ergonomic conditions. While out-of-school settings offer promising settings for preventive interventions, research in this context remains limited. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of 8-week intervention on posture in school-age boys, attending out-of-school settings. Materials and Methods: Quasi-experimental design involved 35 male participants (age: 9.4 ± 0.3 years), with 20 assigned to experimental group receiving the intervention and 15 to nonintervention control group. The program consisted of 20-minute sessions, conducted 3/ week over 8 weeks. Parameters of posture (head/neck, chest, abdomen/pelvis, spine, shoulders/ scapulas) were evaluated pre- and post-intervention using validated observational tools (Klein and Thomas/Mayer method). Results: Statistical analysis (Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U-Tests) revealed significant post-intervention improvements (p < 0.01) in all evaluated parameters within the experimental group, accompanied by large effect sizes. No significant change was observed in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrate that brief, structured interventions can produce clinically meaningful improvements in postural health among school-age boys, affirming the utility of out-of-school settings for posture correction and prevention.
Analýza výskytu oslabených svalov trupu u študentiek Fakulty múzických umení Akadémie umení v Banskej Bystrici
(Universum : Prešov, 2025) Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Slováková, Michaela
Študenti hudobných odborov sú vystavení dlhodobému jednostrannému a statickému zaťaženiu pri hre na nástroj alebo speve. Tento typ záťaže prispieva k vzniku svalovej dysbalancie, ktorá sa prejavuje oslabením stabilizačných svalových skupín a poruchami posturálnej kontroly. Cieľom štúdie bolo analyzovať výskyt oslabených svalov trupu u študentiek Fakulty múzických umení Akadémie umení v Banskej Bystrici, so zameraním na brušné svalstvo, hlboké ohýbače krku a hlavy a dolné fixátory lopatiek. Výskumu sa zúčastnilo 56 študentiek (priemerný vek 22,74 roka) zapísaných v denných študijných programoch interpretačného umenia. Funkčný stav vybraných svalových skupín bol hodnotený pomocou štandardizovaných testov podľa Thurzovej (1992). Analýza poukázala na oslabenie vo všetkých sledovaných svalových skupinách. V brušnom svalstve bolo oslabenie prítomné u 42,86 %, v hlbokých flexoroch krku u 50,00 % a v dolných fixátoroch lopatiek až u 57,14 % študentiek. Tento podiel oslabených svalov signalizuje významné narušenie stabilizačných mechanizmov trupu a riziko rozvoja horného a dolného skríženého syndrómu. Zistenia potvrdzujú vysoký výskyt oslabených stabilizačných svalov, čo poukazuje na komplexné narušenie hlbokého stabilizačného systému u študentiek hudobných odborov. Identifikované deficity predstavujú rizikový faktor pre vznik posturálnych porúch a muskuloskeletálnych ťažkostí. Do edukačného procesu je potrebné integrovať pravidelné hodnotenie funkčného stavu pohybového aparátu, cielené posilňovanie oslabených svalov a fyzioterapeutické intervencie. Tieto opatrenia môžu významne prispieť k podpore zdravia študentiek a dlhodobej udržateľnosti ich umeleckej činnosti.
Changes in thoracolumbar spine following a 10-week corrective exercise programme in students of performing arts
(Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego im. Bronisława Czecha w Krakowie, 2025) Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Azor, Stanislav; Bartik, Pavol
Introduction: Students of performing arts, in particular, music students, are vulnerable to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) because of prolonged static postures and asymmetrical loading associated with instrument playing. Objectives: The study aim was to evaluate the impact of a 10-week corrective exercise programme on improving thoracolumbar spine in female university-level students of performing arts. Materials and Methods: A true experimental design was used with 25 female students of performing arts, divided into an experimental group (n = 15, 60%) and control group (n = 10, 40%). Pre- and post-intervention evaluations were conducted using Schober’s, Stibor’s and Otto’s tests. Non-parametric statistical analyses were applied. This work was supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Research, Development and Youth of the Slovak Republic – Grant No. 1/0512/24: Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Students of Performing Arts. Results: The experimental group showed statistically significant improvements in all three spinal function tests: Schober’s (from 3.06 ± 0.60 cm to 5.40 ± 0.82 cm), Stibor’s (from 6.46 ± 0.64 cm to 9.20 ± 0.86 cm) and Otto’s (from 4.12 ± 0.98 cm to 5.86 ± 0.36 cm), all with p < 0.01. No changes were observed in the control group. Between-group comparisons at Week 10 confirmed significant functional improvements in the experimental group (all p < 0.01). Conclusions: The 10-week corrective exercise programme significantly enhanced thoracolumbar spine (function) in students of performing arts. These findings suggest that low-cost, targeted interventions can effectively address posture-related musculoskeletal risks in this population and should be integrated into the curricula for performing arts.
Changes in velocity decrement at different phases of a 30-meter resisted sprint
(Masarykova univerzita, Fakulta sportovních studií : Brno, 2025) Marčan, Daniel; Lipčák, Adam; Škorik, Marián; Tomek, Petr; Kalina, Tomáš
Resisted sprint training is one of the most studied methods for developing speed capabilities, especially for elite-level athletes. While traditional sled training relies on a fixed load based on the percentage of body mass, recent research suggests that resistance based on velocity decrement (Vdec) may be a more practical option. This study examines whether Vdec at a given resistance remains consistent or varies across different phases of a 30 m sprint. Twelve male participants with a speed-focused training history were involved in this study. Participants performed 30 m sprint trials, with time splits recorded at 10 m intervals (0–10 m, 10–20 m, 20–30 m) and additional segmental analysis for distances 0–20 m, 10–30 m and the entire 0–30 m sprint. Each participant completed two repetitions at five different resistance levels provided by a cable-driven motorised resistance system (1080 Sprint). The analysis of horizontal force-velocity-power parameters showed moderate variation in force generation of the subjects, with an average theoretical maximal force of 6.33 ± 0.85 N/kg and a relatively consistent maximal velocity of 9.39 ± 0.42 m/s. The study revealed a statistically significant difference in % Vdec (p ≤ 0.05) across different sprint phases, with higher resistance leading to increased differences in the individual phases of the run. Segmental analysis showed a greater % Vdec as sprint distance increased across all resistance levels. These findings highlight the need for a deeper understanding of resisted sprint training for more effective speed development.
Comparison of eccentric and concentric training effects on improving explosive performance in elite female basketball players: a pilot study
(Univerzita Mateja Bela, Filozofická fakulta : Banská Bystrica, 2024) Škorik, Marián; Pupiš, Martin; Sýkora, Jozef; Švantner, Roman
Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of concentrically dominant (CD) and eccentrically dominant (ED) training programs on explosive abilities in elite female basketball players, focusing on vertical jump performance. Methods: A total of 10 elite female basketball players were divided into two groups, with five participants each. One group followed a concentrically dominant training program, while the other group followed an eccentrically dominant program. The training lasted six weeks, with two sessions per week. Vertical jumps were assessed using countermovement jumps (CMJ), squat jumps (SQJ), and drop jumps (DJ), focusing on parameters such as Relative Peak Power and Landing Rate of Force Development (RFD) and other parameters. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality, independent t-tests, and Cohen’s d to assess effect sizes for the CMJ, DJ, and SQ tests. Results: The CD group demonstrated improvements in both Relative Peak Power (from 41.520 to 43.360 W/kg, Cohen's d = -0.824) and Jump Height (Cohen's d = -0.964) in the CMJ test, though the differences were not statistically significant. The ED group showed minimal improvement, and in some cases, slight reductions in performance parameters. In the DJ test, significant improvements in Landing RFD were observed in the CD group (Cohen's d = -1.533), while the ED group showed a large effect size in Landing RFD (Cohen's d = -0.858), though this effect was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Concentrically dominant training was more effective in improving explosive strength and jump height, as well as demonstrating a statistically significant improvement in Landing RFD. While eccentrically dominant training also showed a notable effect in landing control, it was not as pronounced or statistically significant. Based on these findings, incorporating both training modalities could enhance explosive performance and improve landing mechanics in elite female basketball players. Further research with larger sample sizes is recommended to solidify these conclusions.
Comparison of modern and traditional coaching styles in ice hockey
(Univerzita Mateja Bela, Filozofická fakulta : Banská Bystrica, 2024) Opáth, Lukáš; Štofanková, Adriána
Our study focuses on comparing the modern coaching style with the traditional style by examining the efficiency of training sessions designed by us. Additionally, we compared the results of our monitored club, HK Brezno, with two other clubs: HK Sportrend Žiar nad Hronom and HK Iskra Partizánske. For the comparison of training sessions, we selected four attributes: players' active time, decision-making element, number of shots, and number of passes. The observed players participated in five training sessions reflecting modern coaching methods and five sessions based on traditional coaching methods. The measured results indicate that modern coaching is significantly more effective in HK Brezno than the traditional style. Similarly, in the other two clubs, we concluded that the traditional approach is not effective for the needs of contemporary hockey, whereas the modern coaching style meets all the requirements of modern hockey.
Comparison of the level of physical activity after the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic
(BioMed Central : Londýn, 2024) Líška, Dávid; Rutkowski, Sebastian; Oplatková, Lenka; Sýkora, Jozef; Pupiš, Martin; Novák, Jakub; Urbářová, Eliška; Rutkowska, Anna; Busch, Andrew; Kobesová, Alena
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with limited physical activity (PA) of most of the world’s population. This cross-sectional prospective study aimed to assess the levels of PA of university students in Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia after COVID-19 using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Methods: A total of 2635 students completed questionnaires regarding their PA levels using the IPAQ-SF between September and December 2022. Results: PA measured by metabolic equivalent of task (MET) scores, varied between the three countries: Slovakia median MET-minutes/week score 4459.9; Czech Republic 3838.8 Poland 3567.1. The results of the post hoc analysis revealed there were significant differences in MET-minutes/week values between the Czech Republic and Poland (p < 0.035) as well as between the Czech Republic and Slovakia (p < 0.037). The analysis of energetic expenditure during walking revealed that students from the Czech Republic and Slovakia had higher median MET-min/weeks values (Czech 2284.1; Slovak 2467.1) compared to their Polish (1536.1) peers (p < 0.001). Polish cohort presented with significantly higher body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001) than Czech and Slovak groups (BMI Czech: 22.3; Slovak 22.8; Polish 23.8). Conclusions: Significant differences in PA levels between the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia university students were identified. Slovakia showed the highest median PA measured as a MET score, and Poland showed the lowest. Compared to available pre-COVID studies it seems the total level of PA in the observed cohorts has not returned to the pre-COVID levels and students remain less active.
Comparison of the occurrence of musculoskeletal pain in professional and amateur golfers
(Crnogorska sportska akademija : Podgorica, 2025) Michal, Jiří; Straňavská, Stanislava; Bolčíková, Anika
This research aimed to determine and compare the annual prevalence of musculoskeletal problems (MSKP), such as aches, pains, discomfort, and numbness, for professional (PRO) golfers and amateur (AM) golfers. In to- tal, 144 golfers participated in our research: 45 PRO golfers from 18 countries and 99 AM golfers. The primary research method was a non-standardized online questionnaire. The part of the questionnaire focused on the occurrence of musculoskeletal pain in golfers contained questions from the standardized Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire (ÖMPQ). We collected responses from late July 2024 to mid-September 2024. A chi-square test of homogeneity showed that there was a significant difference in the annual prevalence of MSKP between PRO golfers and AM golfers in the shoulder (PRO=40.00%, AM =20.20%, RR=2.63 (95% CI:1.22—5.70)), wrist/hand (PRO=44.44%, AM=23.23%, RR=2.64 (95% CI:1.25—5.60)), hips/thighs (PRO=40.40%, AM=18.18%, RR = 2.56 (95 % CI:1.17—5.59)), and neck (PRO=40,00%, AM=18.18%, RR=3.00 (95% CI:1.37—6.58). Significant associations were found between MSKP and training load, competitive frequency, breaks from golf, age, and gender. Professional golfers reported higher prevalence of MSKP than amateurs, except for the elbows, where amateurs were more af- fected. Understanding these differences highlights the impact of training load and demographic factors on injury risk, which can inform coaches and medical staff in optimizing training programs and reducing pain occurrence.
Correcting posture (body and foot) in karate: influence of Propriofoot concept on posture in children under 12 years of age
(Stowarzyszenie Idōkan Polska : Rzeszów, 2025) Azor, Stanislav; Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Bartik, Pavol
Background. Correct posture, both body and foot, is essential in karate for maintaining balance, generating power, and preventing injury. Despite its importance, correcting improper posture remains challenge, particularly in children under 12 years of age who are still undergoing physical development. This age group requires more time and structured guidance to master correct posture. Problem and aim. Interventions aimed at improving posture in karate, especially for children under 12, represent a significant area of research. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, notable gaps persist in the literature within the Slovak context. Therefore, the aim of this study was to experimentally validate the impact of the Propriofoot Concept on posture improvement in young karate practitioners under the age of 12. Material and methods. A 10-week intervention program (Propriofoot Concept) was conducted from September 2 to November 8, 2024, with sessions held three times per week, each lasting 10 minutes. The program targeted 8 children (50%) under 12 years of age in the experimental group (mean age: 10.40 ± 0.60 years; weight: 38.20 ± 2.40 kg; height: 138.60 ± 2.40 cm). The control group also consisted of 8 children (50%) under 12 years of age (mean age: 10.80 ± 0.80 years; weight: 36.40 ± 2.20 kg; height: 136.20 ± 2.40 cm), who did not receive any experimental stimulus. Posture evaluation was performed using a standardized method, Klein and Thomas’s, refined by Mayer and Srdecny’s Index Method. Assessments were conducted before (Week 1, September 2) and after (Week 10, November 8, 2024) the intervention. The impact of the program was statistically evaluated using the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, and Pearson’s r. Results. The 10-week intervention program significantly improved posture in the experimental group (n = 8, 50%), with results showing statistically significant improvements (p < 0.01; p < 0.05). In contrast, no significant changes were observed in the control group (n = 8; p > 0.05). Conclusions. The absence of significant improvements in the control group highlights the importance of structured intervention programs in correcting posture among young karate athletes. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions that support motor learning, posture correction, and motivation, particularly for children under 12 years of age engaged in karate training.
Cvičenia na nácvik a zdokonaľovanie preskoku - skrčky pre žiakov nižšieho stredného vzdelávania
(Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa v Nitre, 2025) Žilovcová, Iveta; Voľanský, Samuel
Telesná a športová výchova zohráva významnú úlohu v rozvoji žiakov. Jej súčasťou je okrem iného gymnastika, ktorá rozvíja koordináciu, silu, rovnováhu, flexibilitu a zároveň si žiaci osvojujú nové gymnastické zručnosti. V rámci tematického celku Základy gymnastických športov sa žiaci oboznamujú s technikou a metodikou jednotlivých cvičebných tvarov, medzi ktoré patrí aj preskok – skrčka (Ministerstvo školstva, vedy, výskumu a športu Slovenskej republiky, 2015; Strešková, 2008). Hlavným cieľom preskoku je prekonávanie rôznych druhov náradia prostredníctvom skoku. Najčastejšie sa pri ňom využíva koza – umiestnená na šírku alebo na dĺžku, prípadne švédska debna postavená na šírku (Janošková & Šeráková, 2019). V nižšie uvedených cvičeniach je využitá molitanová švédska debna. Strešková (2003) definuje šesť fáz preskoku: rozbeh, náskok na mostík a odraz, prvá letová fáza, dohmat a odraz z náradia, druhá letová fáza a doskok. Súhlasíme s Kremnickým, Chrudimským a Atikovićom (2019), že pri doskoku je dôležité stlmiť kinetickú energiu tela, aby sa dostalo do stabilnej polohy. Koordinovaná činnosť dolných končatín, správna orientácia v priestore a stabilná rovnováha sú základom úspešného doskoku. V príspevku uvádzame deväť cvičení, ktoré je možné využiť nielen pri nácviku, ale aj pri zdokonaľovaní gymnastickej zručnosti pri preskoku – skrčka. Cvičenia sú vhodné pre žiakov nižšieho stredného vzdelávania.
Differences in gender of adolescents’ leisure time satisfaction in Slovakia: Do adolescent boys participate in more physical activity than girls?
(H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University : Charkov, 2025) Adamčák, Štefan; Izáková, Andrea; Marko, Michal; Bartik, Pavol; Hůlka, Karel
Background and purpose: Adolescents’ leisure time satisfaction plays an important role in development (their), influencing academic success, self-esteem, and/or well-being. Structured leisure is associated with higher satisfaction, while unstructured is associated with health problems (mental). Study aims to examine adolescents’ leisure time satisfaction in Slovakia; in particular, differences in gender. Material and methods: 20-item survey was carried out 10 weeks (January 1 – March 10, 2024), targeting 2764 Slovak adolescents (41.98% boys, and 58.02% girls) aged 17.4–17.6 years. 20-item survey, adapted for study, examined the Slovak adolescents’ leisure time satisfaction across 5 sections; in particular, active leisure, passive leisure, education leisure, leisure caring, and social leisure, and by means of Assumption of Homogeneity of Variance and Independent Samples, 2-Sample T-Test, and Anova, of which the significance level (p) was 0.01 and 0.05 (Ibm Spss Modeler). Results: Adolescent boys and girls reported moderate satisfaction in leisure time (boys: 3.44, girls: 3.48); however, significant (p) differences in gender were in specific sections of leisure. Adolescent boys reported higher satisfaction in active leisure (2.80 vs. 2.36; p < 0.01), while girls reported higher satisfaction in passive leisure (3.66 vs. 3.30; p < 0.01), leisure education (2.66 vs. 2.46; p < 0.01), leisure caring (2.56 vs. 2.36; p < 0.01), and social leisure (2.30 vs. 2. 14, p < 0.01). Results (our) indicate that adolescent girls derive (more) satisfaction from leisure that involve learning, nurturing, and social interaction. Conclusions: It (study) highlights significant (p) differences in gender in adolescents’ leisure time satisfaction, as is shaped by social norms and preferences of adolescents. Adolescent boys seek autonomy and competence in active pursuits, while girls prioritize emotional connection and engagement in social leisure and leisure caring. Results (our) emphasize needs of gender-inclusive leisure programs that encourage diverse participation and/or address cultural (social) barriers.
Does the change in Liver Frailty Index over the first week of hospitalisation predict mortality in patients with acute-on- chronic liver failure? A prospective cohort study from a Slovak liver centre
(BMJ Group : Londýn, 2025) Skladaný, Ľubomír; Líška, Dávid; Mesíková, Klaudia; Havaj, Daniel Jan; Adamcová - Selčanová, Svetlana; Šulejová, Karolína; Žilinčanová, Daniela; Kohout, Pavel
Objective Hospital admissions for advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD) are associated with increased mortality, disability, a decline in quality of life and significant economic costs. Being admitted to the hospital usually indicates a triggering event that disrupted a previously stable condition, leading to decompensation or complications of ACLD. The most acute and severe manifestation of this imbalance is acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), a syndrome representing a critical juncture. Reliable prognostic stratification of patients admitted with ACLF could facilitate the systematic delivery of tailored care, ranging from palliative care to intensive interventions like extracorporeal liver support devices and prioritised liver transplantation. Disease-specific prognostic tools, such as the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, are effective but have limitations, particularly in reflecting a patient’s potential for recovery. The concept of the body’s functional reserve in the context of ACLD/ACLF is gaining attention, with the Liver Frailty Index (LFI) potentially emerging as a recommended diagnostic tool. Methods Patients were selected from our cirrhosis registry (RH7). The LFI serves as an indicator of the patient’s prognosis. The LFI measurement takes place at two time intervals: on the patient’s admission and after 7 days of hospitalisation. Results Our RH7 registry included 154 patients (15.1%) who were diagnosed with ACLF. The primary cause of the underlying ACLD was alcohol-associated liver disease in the majority (79.8%) of cases. The mean value of LFI at admission was 4.50 (± 0.94). When patients with liver cirrhosis were categorised into three subgroups based on the LFI on day 7, survival exhibited a statistically significant decrease (p≤0.05) across all three ACLF grades. This decline in survival was observed from the ‘improved LFI’ cohort, through the ‘stable LFI’ group, to the ‘worsened LFI’ group. Conclusion The impact of day 7 LFI on the survival of patients with ACLF is notable. Nevertheless, it does not markedly enhance the predictive capability of the LFI assessed on admission. Consequently, the initial LFI on day 1 continues to be the most valuable and commonly used instrument for promptly recognising individuals with ACLF.
Dynamic function of spine and its influence by 10-week intervention program in students of performing arts
(IP Iermakov SS : Charkov, 2025) Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Azor, Stanislav; Bartik, Pavol
Background and Study Aim. Students of performing arts often engage in repetitive practice routines. This can lead to overuse and muscle fatigue, which increase the risk of acute pain in the neck, arms, and shoulders. These conditions may negatively affect both quality of life and performance. Although various corrective approaches are applied in performing arts education, their relative effectiveness in improving spinal function remains a matter of practical interest. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of a 10-week intervention program on the dynamic function of the spine in students of performing arts. Material and Methods. The 10-week intervention program was carried out twice per week for 30 minutes (Tuesday, Thursday) between October 14 and December 20, 2024. It was aimed at improving the dynamic function of the spine in 16 students (58%) of performing arts who were assigned to the experimental group (age 22.20 ± 1.40 years, weight 80.60 ± 2.80 kg, height 180.20 ± 4.40 cm). Twelve students (42%) received no intervention and formed the control group (age 22.80 ± 1.40 years, weight 76.80 ± 1.60 kg, height 176.80 ± 2.80 cm). All 28 students (100%) were bachelor’s degree students (1st–3rd year) in Performing Arts and Composition at the Academy of Arts in Banská Bystrica (Faculty of Performing Arts). Standardized measures for evaluating the dynamic function of the spine (forward and side bend tests) were applied before the program (Week 1, October 14) and after completion (Week 10, December 20, 2024). The impact was evaluated using the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results. The results demonstrated significant improvements (p < .01) in the dynamic function of the spine in the experimental group (N = 16, 58%) after the 10-week intervention, particularly in forward and side bend tests. Scores in the forward bend test improved from -10.62 ± 4.24 cm in Week 1 to -2.74 ± 1.84 cm in Week 10 (Z = 3.52, p < .01, r = .62). Improvements (p < .01) were also observed in the side bend test, with lateral flexion to the right increasing from 18.56 ± .62 cm to 21.56 ± .62 cm (Z = 3.54, p < .01, r = .62) and lateral flexion to the left increasing from 18.36 ± 1.02 cm to 21.54 ± .60 cm (Z = 3.60, p < .01, r = .64). No significant improvements (p > .05) were observed in the control group (N = 12, 42%), suggesting that the 10-week intervention program contributed to the observed outcomes. Conclusions. The 10-week intervention program significantly improved (p < .01) the dynamic function of the spine in students (N = 16, 58%) of performing arts. These results underscore the importance of interventions in mitigating musculoskeletal risks associated with prolonged instrumental practice. Future research should explore long-term effects and broader applications of such interventions within performing arts education.
Dynamická stabilita ramenného pletenca u detí navštevujúcich horolezecký krúžok
(Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne, 2024) Holíková, Andrea; Kompán, Jaroslav; Líška, Dávid
Východiská: Dynamická stabilita ramenného pletenca predstavuje významný faktor v prevencii viacerých problémov pohybového aparátu. Málo je však známe o dynamickej stabilite ramenného pletenca u detí navštevujúcich horolezecký krúžok. Cieľ: Cieľom našej štúdie bolo otestovať úroveň dynamickej stability ramenného pletenca u detí navštevujúcich horolezecký krúžok v porovnaní s deťmi bežnej populácie vykonané prostredníctvom Y balance testu. Súbor: Výskumný súbor bol zložený zo 41 detí v období mladšieho školského veku. Metodika: Výskumný súbor bol rozdelený na lezeckú skupinu (n = 20) a kontrolnú skupinu (n = 21). Skúmané bolo kompozitné skóre a priemerné hodnoty v troch rovinách pre pravú aj ľavú hornú končatinu u oboch testovaných skupín. Výsledky: V lezeckej skupine bolo zaznamenané priemerné kompozitné skóre pre pravú hornú končatinu v prieme 92,97 (± 7,45), pre ľavú hornú končatinu v priemere 93,84 (± 9,26). Priemerné hodnoty kompozitného skóre kontrolnej skupiny boli pre pravú hornú končatinu 95,93 (± 7,12) a ľavú hornú končatinu 93,33 (± 7,36). Medzi skupinami nebol zaznamenaný štatisticky významný rozdiel pravej hornej končatiny (p = 0,101) a ľavej hornej končatiny (p = 0,424). Záver: V našej štúdii sme nezaznamenali signifikantný rozdiel dynamickej stability hornej končatiny u detí, ktoré pravidelne navštevujú horolezecký krúžok, avšak na potvrdenie priameho účinku na zlepšenie dynamickej stability ramenného pletenca sú potrebné intervenčné štúdie na objasnenie priameho účinku vplyvu lezenie na dynamickú stabilitu.
Efectos de la intervención matutina aeróbica sobre los cambios de composición corporal en mujeres jóvenes de mañana y sin cronotipos
(Didactic Association Andalucia : Andalúzia, 2024) Pivovarniček, Pavol; Kondrátová, Dominika; Jančoková, Ľudmila; Zahálka, František; Malý, Tomáš
This experimental study aimed to compare the effect of an aerobic intervention on the body composition (BC) of young women (n = 8, mean age ± SD = 23.1 ± 1.0 years, mean height ± SD = 168.9 ± 5.8 cm, mean weight ± SD = 66.2 ± 6.8 kg) of the morning chronotype (M-types) vs. young women (n = 25, mean age ± SD = 21.4 ± 1.5 years, mean height ± SD = 167.1 ± 5.4 cm, mean weight ± SD = 65.6 ± 7.8 kg) of the intermediate chronotype (I-types). We used bioimpedance analysis (BIA) to detect changes in the following indicators: body weight (BM), body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM%), fat free mass (FFM), muscle mass (MM), total body water (TBW), extracellular and total body water ratio (ECW/TBW), extracellular and body cell mass ratio (ECM/BCM), and phase angle (PA). Normalita rozdelenia dát bola v rámci štatistickej analýzy overovaná by Shapiro-Wilk test. Intervention effects in groups were compared and evaluated by Cohen’s d within the statistical procedure of paired samples t-test, which did not show any significant differences in all indicators, except PA, between the pre-test and post-test (p>0.05). Statistical improvement was denoted and examined in the PA of the I-types. The most significant difference was found in the ECM/BCM indicator, which was stimulated more effectively in M-types after the aerobic intervention compared with the I-types. M-type participants improved in ECM/BCM (d = 0.62) and PA (d = 0.70) with a medium effect, but scored worse in FM% (d = 0.47) with a small effect, FFM (d = .43), MM (d = 0.42), and TBW (d = 0.40), whereas no effect was found in ECW/TBW (d = 0.15). I-type participants improved in PA (d = .60) with a medium effect, FFM (d = 0.29), MM (d = 0.28), and ECW/TBW (d = 0.28) with a small effect; no effect was observed in ECM/BCM (d = 0.01), FM% (d = 0.03), and TBW (d = 0.04). The results showed that the ECM/BCM and PA parameters were more sensitive than the other parameters. Our findings indicate the importance of further exploration and examination of the problem of time effect examination on particular chronotypes.
Effect of an exercise program on the body posture of young school-aged pupils
(Editura Universităţii din Piteşti, 2024) Slováková, Michaela; Mandzáková, Martina
Introduction: Physical activity plays a crucial role in children's overall health, particularly in preventing musculoskeletal disorders. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise program integrated into physical education classes at schools, with the goal of improving the posture of younger school-age pupils. Material and Methods: The group consisted of Ʃ63 pupils, comprising boys (n=30) aged 10,21±0,42 years, and girls (n=32) aged 10,32±0,37. The Intervention Movement Program involved selected tools using musical-movement and dance activities, implemented for a period of 18 weeks, twice a week per 45 minutes within the lessons of Physical and Sports Education. As far as data collection, standardized PE test was used, and the Klein-Thomas test modified by Mayer was used to evaluate the body posture. Based on statistical evaluation, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used, the effect of the implemented movement program on the significance level 0,05 was verified. Results: A significant progress in the quality of body posture in both groups of observed girls (p<0.5%) and boys (p<0.5%) was observed. There were significant changes in all evaluated segments of both girls’ and boys’ groups - Head and neck posture (p<0.5%), Chest shape (p<0.5%), Abdomen and pelvic inclination (p<0.5%), Total Spine curvature (p<0.5%), Shoulder blades/ scapulae (p<0.5%). Conclussion: Regular and targeted movement activities of students in the school environment significantly affect the quality of posture as one of the manifestations of health. Based on the findings listed above, an exercise program with music and dance activities can be considered a highly effective tool.
Effectiveness of an innovative athletic program at the 1st stage of primary school
(Univerzita Mateja Bela, Filozofická fakulta : Banská Bystrica, 2024) Čillík, Ivan; Dibdiak, Andrej
The aim of the experiment was to test the effectiveness of an innovative program in grade 3 of elemantary school and to compare the results with a traditional teaching program for lower stage of elementary school. The experiment took place at the Ďumbierska primry School in Banská Bystrica. One class was randomly assigned as an experimental group, in which teaching in the form of an innovative programme took place, and the other as a control group, in which teaching in the traditional way took place. Subsequently, the application of the innovative programme was carried out in the scope of 9 lessons. A 5-point scoring scale was developed to assess athletic skills. SPSS Statistic statistical program was used to detect statistical significance and the results were evaluated at α ≤ 0.05 level. The pupils of the experimental group achieved a significant improvement in sports skills compared to the control group, which was confirmed by calculating the statistical significance. The most significant improvement was recorded in short distance running, where pupils of the experimental group improved by 32%. In short distance running, the most significant differences between the experimental and control group were also recorded, by 20%. In the standing long jump, an improvement of 23.5% was recorded, with a more significant improvement of 19% compared to the control group. The least significant differences were recorded in cricket ball throwing, where the experimental group improved by 16.75%, 13% more than the control group. Based on the results, we recommend incorporating more innovative exercises, exercises in pairs and movement games, following the methodological procedures, incorporating more teaching aids to make the lesson more varied and fun for the pupils.
Effects of different types of warm-ups on performance by young volleyball players
(University of Alicante : Alicante, 2024) Popelka, Jaroslav; Bujdoš, Gabriel; Pivovarniček, Pavol
The study aimed to compare the impact of warm-up with dynamic stretching (DS), warm-up with foam roller (FR), and warm-up with a combination of FR and DS (CO) on the performance of movement indicators in tests conducted on young volleyball players (n = 8, age = 15.4 ± 0.5 years, height = 176.3 ± 8.6 cm, weight = 64.5 ± 10.9 kg) during the competition year 2021/2022. To assess the effects of warm-up methods (DS, FR, CO), performance in various movement tests was compared. The tests included the sit and reach test (SR), a 1 kg ball throw in a kneeling position (H1), squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), sit-up test (SU), E-Test (ET), and run to cones (RC). The One-way ANOVA analysis did not reveal significant differences in the effects of DS, FR, and CO warm-ups (p > .05) across all investigated indicators. The effect size coefficient (η2) indicated negligible differences (η2 < 0.01), except for the ET indicator, where a small effect size (η2 = 0.028, 95%CI: 0.04-0.31) favoured DS. These findings carry social importance as they contribute to enhancing the efficacy of warm-up routines, both in sports performance and health considerations.
Gender and regional differences in physical education teachers' perspectives on basketball instruction in Slovakia
(Taylor & Francis : Abingdon, 2025) Beťák, Boris; Líška, Dávid; Pivovarniček, Pavol; Barthová, Martina; Popelka, Jaroslav
Basketball is a central component of physical education in Slovak schools, contributing to students’ physical, cognitive and social development. The success of basketball instruction largely depends on the competencies, experiences and attitudes of physical education (PE) teachers. This study explores Slovak PE teachers’ opinions, practices and challenges related to basketball teaching. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1168 PE teachers (635 men and 533 women) from 635 schools during the 2023/2024 academic year. Significant gender-based and regional differences were identified. Male teachers favored sports games, particularly football and applied technical teaching approaches more often, while female teachers preferred gymnastics, volleyball and game-oriented strategies. Urban teachers expressed more favorable attitudes toward basketball, taught it more frequently and reported better equipment availability compared to rural teachers. However, all groups cited limited time and low interest in teaching basketball as common shortcomings. Basketball instruction in Slovak schools is shaped by both teacher gender and school setting. These findings underscore the need for targeted professional development, enhanced infrastructure and curriculum reform to ensure equitable and effective basketball education. By addressing these factors, the study provides a foundation for improving teaching practices and supporting more inclusive PE across diverse school contexts.

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