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Analysis of the game performance of the ice hockey team in the senior category
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2025) Opáth, Lukáš; Hudák, Samuel
The aim of this work was to analyze the game performance of the UMB Hockey Team during the 2024/2025 season in the European University Hockey League (EUHL). The goal was to identify key statistical indicators that influence the outcome of a match, specifically the goal difference. The analysis included data from 19 games — 11 from the regular season and 8 from the playoffs. Data were collected through indirect observation and systematic recording of game statistics. The monitored indicators were: shots on goal, shooting accuracy, face-off success rate, power play success, penalty kill success, blocked shots, lost pucks, and gained pucks. The results showed that the team averaged 46.4 shots on goal per game, with a shooting accuracy of 12.88%. The power play success rate was 28.06%, while the penalty kill success rate reached 93.81%, indicating strong offensive and defensive performance. Regression analysis revealed that shooting accuracy was the only statistically significant variable affecting the goal difference (p < 0.05). This was confirmed in both the simpler model (R² = 0.76) and the more complex model (R² = 0.78). A 1% increase in shooting accuracy significantly raised the predicted goal difference. In conclusion, the thesis highlights the importance of tracking and analyzing performance indicators in ice hockey. The findings provide practical recommendations for coaches, especially the need to focus on improving shooting efficiency, which proved to be the most decisive factor in match outcomes.
The impact of microdosed plyometric training on speed and explosive abilities of football players during the pre-season
(BioMed Central : Londýn, 2026) Škorik, Marián; Kalina, Tomáš; Pupiš, Martin; Hrubý, Michal
Background: Microdosed training distributes a given training stimulus into shorter, more frequent sessions. This study investigated whether a microdosed plyometric program produces similar adaptations to a traditional plyometric program when the total number of plyometric contacts is closely matched in elite youth football players. Methods: In this quasi-experimental, two-group study, twenty-four elite U19 players were allocated to a traditional training group (TRG, n = 12, 2 sessions·week⁻¹, ~ 40 min·session⁻¹) or a microdosed group (MDG, n = 12, 3–4 sessions·week⁻¹, ~ 20 min·session⁻¹). Allocation was nonrandomized and matched on countermovement jump (CMJ) height and modified reactive strength index (RSI mod) from a drop jump (DJ), with standing broad jump (SBJ) used as a tiebreaker. Total plyometric contact volume was closely matched over an 8-week intervention. Primary outcomes were 30 m sprint mechanical outputs (1080 Sprint: peak speed, peak force, peak power), DJ RSI mod, and CMJ metrics. Secondary outcomes were the 15–0–5 change of direction (CoD) test outputs (time, acceleration, and deceleration), and SBJ. Within-group pre–post changes were tested using paired t-tests and between-group comparisons using independent t-tests on change scores (α = 0.05). Nonparametric tests were conducted as sensitivity analyses. Effect sizes are reported as absolute Hedges’ g (|g|). Results: Primary outcomes improved in both groups: DJ RSI mod increased by 14.3% (TRG) and 12.5% (MDG), CMJ height by 4.5% and 9.6%, and 30 m sprint peak speed by 2.3% and 2.5% (within-group |g| = 0.02–1.09). Secondary outcomes were mixed across SBJ and 15–0–5 metrics (within-group |g| = 0.00–1.17). Between-group comparisons of change scores showed no evidence of differences (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: With closely matched total plyometric contacts, analyses showed no evidence that short-term adaptations differed between microdosed scheduling and a two-session format in U19 players. Microdosing may allow the same weekly dose to be delivered in shorter, more frequent sessions when scheduling is constrained.
Changes in thoracolumbar spine following a 10-week corrective exercise programme in students of performing arts
(Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego im. Bronisława Czecha w Krakowie, 2025) Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Azor, Stanislav; Bartik, Pavol
Introduction: Students of performing arts, in particular, music students, are vulnerable to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) because of prolonged static postures and asymmetrical loading associated with instrument playing. Objectives: The study aim was to evaluate the impact of a 10-week corrective exercise programme on improving thoracolumbar spine in female university-level students of performing arts. Materials and Methods: A true experimental design was used with 25 female students of performing arts, divided into an experimental group (n = 15, 60%) and control group (n = 10, 40%). Pre- and post-intervention evaluations were conducted using Schober’s, Stibor’s and Otto’s tests. Non-parametric statistical analyses were applied. This work was supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Research, Development and Youth of the Slovak Republic – Grant No. 1/0512/24: Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Students of Performing Arts. Results: The experimental group showed statistically significant improvements in all three spinal function tests: Schober’s (from 3.06 ± 0.60 cm to 5.40 ± 0.82 cm), Stibor’s (from 6.46 ± 0.64 cm to 9.20 ± 0.86 cm) and Otto’s (from 4.12 ± 0.98 cm to 5.86 ± 0.36 cm), all with p < 0.01. No changes were observed in the control group. Between-group comparisons at Week 10 confirmed significant functional improvements in the experimental group (all p < 0.01). Conclusions: The 10-week corrective exercise programme significantly enhanced thoracolumbar spine (function) in students of performing arts. These findings suggest that low-cost, targeted interventions can effectively address posture-related musculoskeletal risks in this population and should be integrated into the curricula for performing arts.
Physical activity-sleep quality relationships: Insights from Slovak adolescents by age and gender
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute : Basel, 2026) Adamčák, Štefan; Marko, Michal; Kľocová Adamčáková, Zora
This study aims to provide insights into how physical activity is associated with sleep patterns in youth populations, in particular, Slovak adolescents, and how gender (boys vs. girls) and age (≤16 vs. ≥18) moderate this relationship, using an extreme-group comparison approach that excludes 17-year-olds to enhance contrast between developmental stages. Using a cross-sectional design, self-reported data were collected from 2504 (100%) high school students (aged 15–19; 45.6% boys, 54.4% girls) using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Participants aged 17 years were excluded from age-stratified analysis to create clearer separation between early/mid and late adolescence. The primary outcome was global sleep quality (PSQI > 5). Secondary outcomes included sleep duration and PSQI component scores. All other analyses (age- and gender-stratified comparisons and interaction models) were predefined as exploratory and hypothesis-generating to examine potential effect modification. Age-stratified analyses among girls showed that, within the low PA group, good sleep was reported by 37.7% of younger girls (≤16) and 28.6% of older girls (≥18). Among older girls, the proportion reporting good sleep increased to 49.8% in the high PA group (χ2 = 29.16, p < 0.001). No consistent associations between PA and sleep quality were observed among boys; however, significant association was identified among younger boys (≤16 years), which was not observed in older boys. Logistic regression revealed a modest interaction between age and PA level in predicting sleep quality among girls (β = 0.346, p = 0.049), suggesting small age-dependent variation in the association. This effect should be interpreted cautiously given its borderline statistical significance. Component-level PSQI analyses showed that girls experienced higher rates of sleep disturbances (χ2 = 91.40, p < 0.001), longer sleep latency (χ2 = 26.71, p < 0.001), and greater daytime dysfunction (χ2 = 79.90, p < 0.001). These findings provide region-specific evidence from Central and Eastern Europe and underscore the need for age- and gender-sensitive public health strategies targeting both physical activity promotion and better sleep outcomes, given their observed associations.
Is an altitude below 1400 m above sea level sufficient to trigger an adaptive response?
(Edizioni Minerva Medica : Turin, 2026) Pupiš, Martin; Pupišová, Zuzana; Bako, Kristián
BACKGROUND: Over the past 2 decades, our studies have revealed that despite extensive research, many unanswered questions persist regarding hypoxic preparation and the resulting adaptive response. For these reasons, we believe it is essential to investigate the impact of environmental hypoxia at altitudes below 1500 m above sea level on the parameters monitored in the athlete’s biological passport (ABP). METHODS: The research was conducted as a pilot part of research on a group of seven Slovak endurance athletes (4 males, 3 females) aged 22-27 years who are active in athletics and cross-country skiing. All participants have extensive experience with hypoxic training (more than 5 years). As part of the research, we monitored their adaptive response to hypoxic conditions at altitudes up to 1350 m above sea level. RESULTS: The findings from the study conducted on seven athletes affirm that, contrary to typical interpretations (such as those in the ABP sampling protocol), even hypoxic conditions at 1350 m above sea level can have a notable impact on the outcomes analyzed in the ABP. The results showed that exposure to hypoxia below 1350 m above sea level resulted in a reduction in hemoglobin levels, while a contrary trend was observed for reticulocytes. This trend was reflected in the Off-score, showing a decrease across all cases. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained confirmed the effect of hypoxic conditions at altitudes up to 1350 m above sea level on erythropoiesis.
The impact of blood sampling location on results in the athlete's biological passport
(Edizioni Minerva Medica : Turin, 2026) Pupiš, Martin; Brünn, David; Sýkora, Jozef; Pupišová, Zuzana; Bako, Kristián
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess whether the arm from which the blood sample was taken could potentially affect the results of the athlete’s biological passport (ABP) data. METHODS: The study involved 25 adult male athletes aged between 20 and 35 years old. The analysis took place in an accredited laboratory, where all participants had their blood collected in the morning after fasting from both the right and left arms. Regarding the evaluation, we focused on the parameters monitored in the ABP (hemoglobin, reticulocytes, Off-score). The sampling was carried out at 8:00 a.m. The parameters analyzed were those monitored in the athlete’s biological passport: hemoglobin and reticulocytes, from which the Off-score was derived (Off-score = Hgb × 10-60 × (√reticulocytes). RESULTS: The research results suggest that the sampling location - that is, from which arm the blood was sampled, may have a significant impact on the data interpreted in the ABP. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, we recommend further research focused on investigating potential differences caused by the location of blood sampling. Future research should involve conducting similar measurements on a larger sample size of both athletes and non-athletes.
Video case report: ACL and PCL distension injury in an MMA fighter
(Stowarzyszenie Idōkan Polska : Rzeszów, 2026) Líška, Dávid; Spurný, Martin; Lupták, Ján Samuel
Background. Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a high-intensity combat sport that exposes athletes to substantial biomechanical stress, often leading to musculoskeletal injuries. Knee injuries, particularly those affecting the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), are of significant concern due to their impact on an athlete’s performance and career longevity. Problem and Aim. This video case report presents a unique instance of ACL and PCL distension in an MMA fighter. The aim is to describe the injury mechanism and diagnostic findings. Material and Methods. Video footage from the match was utilized to analyze the recorded injury mechanism. Subsequently, the patient was examined using MRI, and a comprehensive case description was provided. Results. The injury occurred during a grappling sequence, where rotational and compressive forces on the knee joint led to ligamentous stress. MRI confirmed diffuse distension of the ACL and PCL without rupture or secondary joint damage, showing increased signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging. Conclusions. This case highlights an uncommon pattern of ACL and PCL distension in MMA, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate rehabilitation strategies. The findings contribute to the growing understanding of injury mechanisms and management in combat sports, supporting the role of conservative treatment in cases of ligamentous distension without rupture.
Cvičenia na nácvik a zdokonaľovanie preskoku - skrčky pre žiakov nižšieho stredného vzdelávania
(Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa v Nitre, 2025) Žilovcová, Iveta; Voľanský, Samuel
Telesná a športová výchova zohráva významnú úlohu v rozvoji žiakov. Jej súčasťou je okrem iného gymnastika, ktorá rozvíja koordináciu, silu, rovnováhu, flexibilitu a zároveň si žiaci osvojujú nové gymnastické zručnosti. V rámci tematického celku Základy gymnastických športov sa žiaci oboznamujú s technikou a metodikou jednotlivých cvičebných tvarov, medzi ktoré patrí aj preskok – skrčka (Ministerstvo školstva, vedy, výskumu a športu Slovenskej republiky, 2015; Strešková, 2008). Hlavným cieľom preskoku je prekonávanie rôznych druhov náradia prostredníctvom skoku. Najčastejšie sa pri ňom využíva koza – umiestnená na šírku alebo na dĺžku, prípadne švédska debna postavená na šírku (Janošková & Šeráková, 2019). V nižšie uvedených cvičeniach je využitá molitanová švédska debna. Strešková (2003) definuje šesť fáz preskoku: rozbeh, náskok na mostík a odraz, prvá letová fáza, dohmat a odraz z náradia, druhá letová fáza a doskok. Súhlasíme s Kremnickým, Chrudimským a Atikovićom (2019), že pri doskoku je dôležité stlmiť kinetickú energiu tela, aby sa dostalo do stabilnej polohy. Koordinovaná činnosť dolných končatín, správna orientácia v priestore a stabilná rovnováha sú základom úspešného doskoku. V príspevku uvádzame deväť cvičení, ktoré je možné využiť nielen pri nácviku, ale aj pri zdokonaľovaní gymnastickej zručnosti pri preskoku – skrčka. Cvičenia sú vhodné pre žiakov nižšieho stredného vzdelávania.
Relationship between flat-water performance and slalom race outcomes
(Editura Universităţii din Piteşti, 2025) Škáchová, Monika; Mandzáková, Martina
Canoe slalom is a sport defined by intricate technical and physical challenges within rapidly changing whitewater environments. Coaches and sport scientists counter difficulties in finding reliable diagnostic tools that accurately predict race outcomes. Although flat-water tests are commonly used in training, there is limited evidence supporting their effectiveness in predicting competition performance in slalom events. Aim: The aim of the study is to determine whether there is a statistically significant relationship between performance in the 12x15 m test on flat water and performance in canoe slalom competitions. Materials and Methods: The sample included twenty-eight Slovak elite slalom athletes were assessed, divided equally into four categories: K1 men (n = 7), K1 women (n = 7), C1 men (n = 7), and C1 women (n = 7). We used a 12x15 m test on flat water. The test was performed with gates placed directly opposite each other at 15 m, according to Vajda and Piatrikova (2021). The flat-water test was conducted under standardized conditions in September 2024, and competitive results were obtained from the Slovak Championships in Čunovo (Bratislava) later that month. Performance data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation. Results: Mean times in the 6×30 m test were 93.9±1.59 s (K1M), 103.0±2.21 s (K1W), 104.0±2.93 s (C1M), and 113.0±1.75 s (C1W). At the Slovak Championships, clean final-run times were 96.8±1.98 s (K1M), 106.0±3.78 s (K1W), 107.0±9.8 s (C1M), and 111.0±10.4 s (C1W). Statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between test and race performance (r = 0.570, p = 0.002), corresponding to a large effect size according to Cohen (1988). Conclusion: The findings indicate that the 12x15 m shuttle test provides a valid and race-relevant diagnostic tool for canoe slalom athletes. Coaches are encouraged to incorporate this test not only for performance monitoring but also as a specific training stimulus, since it replicates race demands in a controlled environment. Regular implementation of the test may enhance athlete preparation, support individualized training adjustments, and contribute to long-term performance development in canoe slalom
Analýza výskytu oslabených svalov trupu u študentiek Fakulty múzických umení Akadémie umení v Banskej Bystrici
(Universum : Prešov, 2025) Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Slováková, Michaela
Študenti hudobných odborov sú vystavení dlhodobému jednostrannému a statickému zaťaženiu pri hre na nástroj alebo speve. Tento typ záťaže prispieva k vzniku svalovej dysbalancie, ktorá sa prejavuje oslabením stabilizačných svalových skupín a poruchami posturálnej kontroly. Cieľom štúdie bolo analyzovať výskyt oslabených svalov trupu u študentiek Fakulty múzických umení Akadémie umení v Banskej Bystrici, so zameraním na brušné svalstvo, hlboké ohýbače krku a hlavy a dolné fixátory lopatiek. Výskumu sa zúčastnilo 56 študentiek (priemerný vek 22,74 roka) zapísaných v denných študijných programoch interpretačného umenia. Funkčný stav vybraných svalových skupín bol hodnotený pomocou štandardizovaných testov podľa Thurzovej (1992). Analýza poukázala na oslabenie vo všetkých sledovaných svalových skupinách. V brušnom svalstve bolo oslabenie prítomné u 42,86 %, v hlbokých flexoroch krku u 50,00 % a v dolných fixátoroch lopatiek až u 57,14 % študentiek. Tento podiel oslabených svalov signalizuje významné narušenie stabilizačných mechanizmov trupu a riziko rozvoja horného a dolného skríženého syndrómu. Zistenia potvrdzujú vysoký výskyt oslabených stabilizačných svalov, čo poukazuje na komplexné narušenie hlbokého stabilizačného systému u študentiek hudobných odborov. Identifikované deficity predstavujú rizikový faktor pre vznik posturálnych porúch a muskuloskeletálnych ťažkostí. Do edukačného procesu je potrebné integrovať pravidelné hodnotenie funkčného stavu pohybového aparátu, cielené posilňovanie oslabených svalov a fyzioterapeutické intervencie. Tieto opatrenia môžu významne prispieť k podpore zdravia študentiek a dlhodobej udržateľnosti ich umeleckej činnosti.
Gender and regional differences in physical education teachers' perspectives on basketball instruction in Slovakia
(Taylor & Francis : Abingdon, 2025) Beťák, Boris; Líška, Dávid; Pivovarniček, Pavol; Barthová, Martina; Popelka, Jaroslav
Basketball is a central component of physical education in Slovak schools, contributing to students’ physical, cognitive and social development. The success of basketball instruction largely depends on the competencies, experiences and attitudes of physical education (PE) teachers. This study explores Slovak PE teachers’ opinions, practices and challenges related to basketball teaching. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1168 PE teachers (635 men and 533 women) from 635 schools during the 2023/2024 academic year. Significant gender-based and regional differences were identified. Male teachers favored sports games, particularly football and applied technical teaching approaches more often, while female teachers preferred gymnastics, volleyball and game-oriented strategies. Urban teachers expressed more favorable attitudes toward basketball, taught it more frequently and reported better equipment availability compared to rural teachers. However, all groups cited limited time and low interest in teaching basketball as common shortcomings. Basketball instruction in Slovak schools is shaped by both teacher gender and school setting. These findings underscore the need for targeted professional development, enhanced infrastructure and curriculum reform to ensure equitable and effective basketball education. By addressing these factors, the study provides a foundation for improving teaching practices and supporting more inclusive PE across diverse school contexts.
Level of swimming ability of primary school pupils
(Univerzita Mateja Bela, Filozofická fakulta : Banská Bystrica, 2025) Pupišová, Zuzana
This study is aimed at determining the relationship and influence of different forms of basic swimming training on the swimming ability of primary school children in the Bansko-Bystrica region. The research was carried out in the school years 2023/24 and 2024/25 and involved 332 second and third year primary school pupils with an average age of 7.6 years, an average body height of 132 cm and an average body weight of 26.5 kg. Swimming ability was assessed by 5 tests of swimming skills (deep water dive, deep water exhalation, breaststroke and backstroke, catching objects) and 5 tests dealing with the mastery of swimming techniques, starts and turns. The testing was conducted after the completion of the swimming training, and the pupils scored an average of 1.9 points on the swimming skills tests (T1 - T5), with girls showing better average results than boys (2.1 / 1.7). The results from the tests focusing on mastering the basics of the starting dive (T6) indicate a set level of 1.6 points, and 2.3 points in the swimming stroke (T7), with the breaststroke stroke being the most frequently chosen stroke although most pupils were able to correctly perform the crawl pendulum stroke. Pupils mastered the gross form of the breaststroke stroke at an average of 1.94 points, the crawl stroke at an average of 1.64 points and the breaststroke at an average of 1.66 points. On the basis of the results and average scores of probands we evaluate the level of swimming ability of the children of the monitored groups, especially due to the insufficient time subsidy of the implemented swimming training as adequate and corresponding to the requirements and performance standard.
Percussion massage therapy reduced EMG activity during standing heel raise
(International society of musculoskeletal and neuronal interactions : Lykovrysi, 2025) Hank, Mikuláš; Michal, Lukáš; Sugimoto, Dai; Verbruggen Ferdia, Fallon; Pivovarniček, Pavol; Miřátský, Petr; Zahálka, František; Malý, Tomáš
Objectives: This study examined the acute impact of percussion massage therapy (PMT) on calf muscle activation during heel raises in individuals with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI). Methods: Thirty-nine university students, 20 with CAI and 19 controls, were randomized to 30 seconds of PMT or no intervention (NOPMT). Surface EMG measured medial gastrocnemius activity during heel raise before and after. Results: Pre-intervention, CAI limbs displayed significantly lower peak muscle activation than limbs without CAI (26%, p = 0.012). Post-intervention, both PMT groups showed significant reductions in peak EMG (CAI: 10%, controls: 12%, p<0.05), while NOPMT groups remained unchanged. Conclusion: These results indicate CAI is associated with reduced calf muscle activation, and PMT further decreases it. However, PMT’s activation-reducing effect may be counterproductive when increased muscle activation is desired, necessitating further research on PMT’s interaction with activation exercises. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects and optimal timing of PMT in rehabilitation and athletic settings.
Dynamic function of spine and its influence by 10-week intervention program in students of performing arts
(IP Iermakov SS : Charkov, 2025) Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Azor, Stanislav; Bartik, Pavol
Background and Study Aim. Students of performing arts often engage in repetitive practice routines. This can lead to overuse and muscle fatigue, which increase the risk of acute pain in the neck, arms, and shoulders. These conditions may negatively affect both quality of life and performance. Although various corrective approaches are applied in performing arts education, their relative effectiveness in improving spinal function remains a matter of practical interest. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of a 10-week intervention program on the dynamic function of the spine in students of performing arts. Material and Methods. The 10-week intervention program was carried out twice per week for 30 minutes (Tuesday, Thursday) between October 14 and December 20, 2024. It was aimed at improving the dynamic function of the spine in 16 students (58%) of performing arts who were assigned to the experimental group (age 22.20 ± 1.40 years, weight 80.60 ± 2.80 kg, height 180.20 ± 4.40 cm). Twelve students (42%) received no intervention and formed the control group (age 22.80 ± 1.40 years, weight 76.80 ± 1.60 kg, height 176.80 ± 2.80 cm). All 28 students (100%) were bachelor’s degree students (1st–3rd year) in Performing Arts and Composition at the Academy of Arts in Banská Bystrica (Faculty of Performing Arts). Standardized measures for evaluating the dynamic function of the spine (forward and side bend tests) were applied before the program (Week 1, October 14) and after completion (Week 10, December 20, 2024). The impact was evaluated using the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results. The results demonstrated significant improvements (p < .01) in the dynamic function of the spine in the experimental group (N = 16, 58%) after the 10-week intervention, particularly in forward and side bend tests. Scores in the forward bend test improved from -10.62 ± 4.24 cm in Week 1 to -2.74 ± 1.84 cm in Week 10 (Z = 3.52, p < .01, r = .62). Improvements (p < .01) were also observed in the side bend test, with lateral flexion to the right increasing from 18.56 ± .62 cm to 21.56 ± .62 cm (Z = 3.54, p < .01, r = .62) and lateral flexion to the left increasing from 18.36 ± 1.02 cm to 21.54 ± .60 cm (Z = 3.60, p < .01, r = .64). No significant improvements (p > .05) were observed in the control group (N = 12, 42%), suggesting that the 10-week intervention program contributed to the observed outcomes. Conclusions. The 10-week intervention program significantly improved (p < .01) the dynamic function of the spine in students (N = 16, 58%) of performing arts. These results underscore the importance of interventions in mitigating musculoskeletal risks associated with prolonged instrumental practice. Future research should explore long-term effects and broader applications of such interventions within performing arts education.
The incidence of eccentric and isometric hamstring strength asymmetries among U19 youth elite soccer players in Slovakia
(Univerzita Mateja Bela, Filozofická fakulta : Banská Bystrica, 2024) Sýkora, Jozef
Physical preparation in soccer is requiring individualization through regular monitoring the physical abilities of players. When it comes to injury prevention, muscle strength and performance asymmetries detection is reliable way to identify increased risk for injury. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the incidence of eccentric and isometric hamstring strength asymmetries among U19 youth elite soccer players in Slovakia and provide the necessary information for physical coaches to improve the injury prevention training protocols. Two hundred eighty-six players (Age 17.29 ± 0.65 years, Height 180.75 ± 12.27 centimeters, Bodyweight 72.97 ± 6.67 kilograms) from 14 Slovakian soccer academies participated in testing their eccentric and isometric hamstring strength during the September 2023. The results showed very high incidence of eccentric as well as isometric hamstring strength asymmetries, when almost 47% of all players scored above 10 % difference between the lower extremities in one or both tests. More than 34 % of all players (p < 0.01, d = 0.3) achieved above 10 % inter-limb difference in eccentric hamstring strength and 26.22 % of all players (p < 0.01, r = 0.36) scored above 10 % inter-limb difference in isometric hamstring strength. Surprisingly, when it comes about players position the results are inconclusive, since some positions showed significant inter-limb differences in eccentric strength, but not in isometric strength and vice versa. Nevertheless, since above 10 % difference in strength testing is considered as a caution for increased chance for injury in any sport, our results suggest that for the players who scored higher asymmetries the physical training intervention for minimizing the inter-limb strength differences might be helpful as a part of injury prevention strategy. Further research needs to be conducted to confirm our findings. It might be interesting to compare the history of players injuries with their strength performance.
Relationship between key performance indicators and force-velocity profile of elite sprinters and football players
(Univerzita Mateja Bela, Filozofická fakulta : Banská Bystrica, 2024) Brünn, David; Švantner Roman
This study is based on the research of Brűnn and Švantner (1), who compared key performance indicators (KPI) of an elite sprinter and players of national football teams. Although the sprinter excelled in jumping abilities (SJ, CMJ, BJ, RSI), he did not achieve the highest strength values in any of the selected metrics. Švantner and Brűnn (2) also compared sprint acceleration force-velocity profile of elite sprinters and elite football players, and it was found that while football players showed superior force production and application effectiveness, sprinters maintain high efficiency in force at increased velocities. The aim of this study is to follow up and correlate non-specific KPI and force velocity profile of elite sprinters and football players. Methods: The first part of the research was collecting key performance indicators data of 13 elite level male soccer players and an elite level sprinter, who completed squat jump (SJ), counter-movement jump (CMJ), broad jump (BJ), depth jump (DJ – RSI index) tests, ankle extensors’ force assessment (AEF), isometric 30° knee flexion (ISO30), eccentric nordic hamstring (ENH), isokinetic knee extension (IKQ) and knee flexion (IKH). The second part of the research was to complete a 30m linear sprint, which was assessed by 1080 Sprint device. The research sample consisted of 38 male elite soccer players and 6 elite level sprinters. The testing of football players took place on match day +3 days, with RAMP protocol warm up. Macroscopic F-v profiles were calculated based on running speed, body mass and the basic laws of motion applied to the center of mass. Last phase of the research was to correlate non-specific KPI (SJ, SMJ, BJ, DJ, AEF, ISO30, ENH, IKQ, IKH) and force velocity profile (F0, V0, RFmax %, DRF %) of elite sprinters and football players. The statistical analysis was done in Python program. Results: In our research sample, which consisted of elite football players and sprinters, only one moderate positive correlation (0.63) was found between strength in eccentric nordic hamstring exercise and momentum (kg∗m/s). Weak correlation (0.47) was observed between ankle joint extensors isometric strength and momentum (kg∗m/s), suggesting the importance of adequate strength level of individuals in specific positions. Almost moderate correlation (correlation coefficient: 0.47) between the standing long jump and the value of V0 (m/s) and at the same time no correlation (correlation coefficient: -0.06) between the standing long jump and the value of F0 (N/kg) is a very interesting finding. Given that the standing long jump represents horizontal force production, these findings are rather unforseen. Unexpectedly, only weak relationship was found between RSI and V0 (m/s) (0.41) and no relationship between isometric hamstring strength and F0 and V0 respectively. Conclusions: While the sprinter excelled in jumping abilities (SJ, CMJ, BJ, RSI), he did not achieve the highest levels of strength across any of the selected metrics (1). The second part of this study underscores the fact, that while football players demonstrate greater force production and application effectiveness, sprinters exhibit high efficiency in force at elevated velocities (2). No or weak relationships were found between KPI and the force-velocity profile of the research sample in our correlations. Another finding is the fact that despite the different movement strategies to reach maximal speed between football players and sprinters, these facts did not substantially affect the final results.
The influence of the plyometric training on the lower limb explosive power of basketball players
(Univerzita Mateja Bela, Filozofická fakulta : Banská Bystrica, 2024) Barthová, Martina; Izáková, Andrea
The plyometric training program currently used almost all kinds of sports. Athletes use them to improve their performance in specific movements, such as throws, jumps, starts, etc. Especially basketball is considered a very explosive, dynamic and fast- paced sport in which plyometric training is widely used. For the highest explosive power, two training methods must be recommended: strength and plyometric training. PT is commonly used method for developing of the lower limb explosive power by natural dynamic movements, such as various jump and jumps with counter movement.
Vplyv silovo-vytrvalostného tréningu na zmeny v skóre funkčnej pohybovej diagnostiky u triatlonistov
(Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, 2024) Bako, Kristián; Franek, Vladimír
The rivalry of triathletes and the effort to push their performance limits forces them to think through their entire preparation in detail, to use time efficiently, to prepare their bodies not only for maximum performance, but also to analyse the occurrence of possible injuries. For this reason, it is necessary to include triathlon diagnostics in the training process which serves as feedback for the triathlete and the coach on how they train and at what performance level they are. Based on this knowledge, the study verifies the impact of strength-endurance training on score changes of Functional Movement Screen of triathletes. The research included 8 performance triathletes from TRIAN ŠK UMB triathlon club Banská Bystrica whose age was 17.26 ± 0.59 years with a body height of 175.8 ± 7.4 cm and a body weight of 63.2 ± 5.8 kg. To obtain information about the triathletes, the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) was used and was performed without warm up, so that the obtained values were not affected. 3 external examiners who are certified experts in Functional Movement Screen were included to ensure the testing objectivity. Data recording was done manually and registered into the Functional Movement Screen Score Sheet. Input and output testing took place in the morning hours under the same conditions. The training program ran for 8 weeks in the preparatory period from 16/01/2024 to 07/03/2024 and was implemented 2 times a week. When comparing the input and output data, the experimental group recorded a significant improvement in the average point score of the triathletes from 12.25 ± 2.17 points to 15.75 ± 1.92 points which represents an improvement in the FMS score by 28.6%. The control group also registered an average improvement from 12.25 ± 1.92 to 13 ± 1.22 points which represents an improvement of 6.1%. The results show that a strength-endurance training program will have a higher effect on changes in Functional Movement Screen scores in triathletes than a uniform training method. Due to lower number of the triathletes the further and wider investigation of the issue is recommended.
Teaching basketball from the perspective of men and women physical and sport education teachers in upper primary schools in eastern Slovakia
(Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, 2024) Beťák, Boris; Popelka, Jaroslav; Opáth, Lukáš
The authors of the study used a questionnaire to find out whether there are significant differences in teachers’ views on teaching basketball from a point of view of gender differences. The sample consisted of 450 physical and sport education teachers (274 men and 176 women) who teach in 17 districts in eastern Slovakia, in upper primary schools. Significant differences at the p<0.01 level were found in the popularity of teaching basketball. While for 20.45% of women, basketball is the second most popular taught sport after volleyball (39.77%), for 13.14% of men, basketball is the fourth most popular taught sport after football (40.51%), volleyball (21.90%), and floorball (19.71%). Despite significant differences (p<0.01), more than 54% of men and 48% of women teach basketball most often for 6-10 hours within a single thematic unit. A negative finding is that 3.28% of men and 11.36% of women do not teach basketball. Game-oriented didactic approach dominates in teaching for both genders (54.72% of men and 55.77% of women). According to 32.85% of men and 40.91% of women, the main disadvantage of teaching basketball is the low interest of pupils in learning the sport. The second most frequently chosen shortcoming of basketball teaching was the low time allocation of the subject (29.59% of men and 28.41% of women).
Effectiveness of an innovative athletic program at the 1st stage of primary school
(Univerzita Mateja Bela, Filozofická fakulta : Banská Bystrica, 2024) Čillík, Ivan; Dibdiak, Andrej
The aim of the experiment was to test the effectiveness of an innovative program in grade 3 of elemantary school and to compare the results with a traditional teaching program for lower stage of elementary school. The experiment took place at the Ďumbierska primry School in Banská Bystrica. One class was randomly assigned as an experimental group, in which teaching in the form of an innovative programme took place, and the other as a control group, in which teaching in the traditional way took place. Subsequently, the application of the innovative programme was carried out in the scope of 9 lessons. A 5-point scoring scale was developed to assess athletic skills. SPSS Statistic statistical program was used to detect statistical significance and the results were evaluated at α ≤ 0.05 level. The pupils of the experimental group achieved a significant improvement in sports skills compared to the control group, which was confirmed by calculating the statistical significance. The most significant improvement was recorded in short distance running, where pupils of the experimental group improved by 32%. In short distance running, the most significant differences between the experimental and control group were also recorded, by 20%. In the standing long jump, an improvement of 23.5% was recorded, with a more significant improvement of 19% compared to the control group. The least significant differences were recorded in cricket ball throwing, where the experimental group improved by 16.75%, 13% more than the control group. Based on the results, we recommend incorporating more innovative exercises, exercises in pairs and movement games, following the methodological procedures, incorporating more teaching aids to make the lesson more varied and fun for the pupils.

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