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Opinions of primary school teachers on alpine skiing: popularity, frequency and skill level
(Uniwersytet Humanistyczno-Przyrodniczy im. Jana Długosza : Čenstochová, 2026) Michal, Jiří; Straňavská, Stanislava
Winter seasonal physical activities are an integral part of physical and sports education, within which ski training courses are commonly organized at primary schools. As with all school-based physical activities, the teacher’s role is crucial. This study aims to identify and analyze the opinions of physical and sports education primary school teachers regarding the popularity, frequency and skill levels in alpine skiing. The research was conducted using an online questionnaire with data collected from March 2023 to March 2024. A total of 653 physical and sports education teachers teaching at the lower secondary level of primary schools across Slovakia participated in the study. Descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing were conducted using IBM® SPSS® Statistics v29. The results show that alpine skiing is the most popular winter sport among teachers. Nearly 49% of the respondents reported participating in recreational skiing 1–2 times per month, while only 12.86% engage in it every weekend. No statistically significant differences were found between gender and the frequency of recreational alpine skiing. These findings confirm that alpine skiing remains a widely favored winter activity, offering numerous physical benefits and contributing meaningfully to the physical education objectives within schools.
Strengthening the stage: intervention targeting muscular weakening in performing arts students
(IP Iermakov SS : Charkov, 2026) Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Bartik, Pavol
Background and Study Aim. Performing arts students, particularly musicians, face significant physical strain because of prolonged static postures and repetitive fine motor activity. These factors predispose them to performance-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs). Despite increasing awareness, preventive training programs are rarely implemented in music education. This study examined the effects of a 6-week targeted intervention on postural muscle function in male performing arts students. The focus was on muscles commonly weakened by instrumental practice: deep neck flexors, musculus abdominis, and lower scapular stabilizers. Materials and Methods. Twenty-six full-time male music students were assigned to experimental (N = 14, 53.85%) and control (N = 12, 46.15%) groups. The intervention group underwent bi-weekly 30-minute sessions over 6 weeks. The sessions incorporated mobility, strengthening, and control exercises. Muscle function was assessed pre- and post-intervention using standardized clinical tests. Statistical analysis was conducted using Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U-tests. Results. Significant improvements (p < .01) were found in the experimental group across all measured muscle groups, with large effect sizes. No significant changes (p > .05) were observed in the control group. Post-intervention comparisons confirmed significantly greater (p < .01) muscle function in the intervention group. A short, structured, and supervised intervention significantly enhanced (p < 0.01) postural muscle function among performing arts students. Conclusions. The findings support the integration of targeted physical conditioning into performing arts curricula as a preventative strategy to reduce PRMD risks and enhance physical literacy in music education.
Recreational preferences and motivational factors among adults in the Precarpathian region
(IP Iermakov SS : Charkov, 2026) Vypasniak, Igor; Ivanyshyn, Iryna; Lutskyi, Vasyl; Zakharkevych, Tetiana; Bartik, Pavol
Background and Study Aim. Recreational activity among adults is an important factor in maintaining physical fitness, emotional balance, and social interaction. It contributes to the restoration of bodily resources, reduction of stress levels, and enhancement of subjective well-being. Although the Recreation Experience Preference (REP) scale is widely used to assess recreational motives and experiences, its application in regional and age-specific contexts remains a subject of practical interest. The aim of this study was to conduct a preliminary exploratory assessment of the internal consistency and item-level coherence of a short-form adapted REP scale in an adult sample from the Precarpathian region. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted among adults from the Precarpathian region who participated in recreational and wellness programs. The sample included 19 individuals (5 men and 14 women) aged 25 to 60 years. An adapted Ukrainian version of the Recreation Experience Preference (REP) scale comprising 10 items was used to assess recreational preferences. Responses were rated on a five-point scale ranging from 1 (“not important at all”) to 5 (“very important”). Data were collected using an online questionnaire (Google Forms); participation was voluntary and anonymous. Statistical analysis included calculation of means and standard deviations. The reliability of the scale was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and internal coherence at the item level was examined using Spearman’s correlations between individual items and the total score. Results. The analysis revealed that the adapted REP scale demonstrated high internal consistency (α = 0.89) and coherent item–total associations (Spearman ρ = 0.302–0.911), indicating satisfactory internal homogeneity at an exploratory level. Due to the small sample size (n = 19), no conclusions regarding factorial structure can be drawn. The highest mean values were recorded for items related to psychological recovery and a sense of inner balance. Women rated emotional and social aspects of recreational activity as more significant, whereas men emphasized achievement and development motives. Descriptive differences across gender and age groups were observed; however, given the small sample size (n = 19), these findings should be interpreted cautiously and cannot be considered conclusive. Conclusions. The obtained results demonstrate high internal consistency and coherent item-level associations of the adapted REP short form in this exploratory pilot sample. The observed pattern of item responses reflects the diversity of motivational and emotional aspects associated with personal development, recovery, and social interaction; however, no structural factor interpretation can be inferred from the present data. The instrument may be considered for exploratory use in pedagogical and health-promotion contexts, pending further large-scale psychometric validation.
Differences in sprinting-related force-velocity mechanical variables between under-19 and senior players: Physical performance readiness in elite youth soccer
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute : Basel, 2026) Karabín, Lukáš; Sýkora, Jozef; Švantner, Roman; Ford, Kevin R.; Pupiš, Martin; Malý, Tomáš
Objectives: This study compares linear sprint force–velocity (F–v) mechanical variables between elite Under-19 (U19) academy players and senior professional players. Methods: Thirty-eight senior players (SP; mean age 24.5 ± 4.3 y) and 214 U19 academy players (YP; mean age 17.4 ± 0.5 y) from 14 first-division club academies were tested during October 2023 using a motorized resistance device (1080 Motion). The following F–v variables were assessed: maximal theoretical force (F0, N·kg−1), maximal theoretical velocity (v0, m·s−1), maximal ratio of horizontal-to-resultant force (RFmax, %), and decrease in the ratio of forces (DRF, %). Between-group comparisons were performed using the t-test, and Cohen’s d effect sizes were reported. Results: Senior players outperformed U19 players across all F–v variables. F0 exhibited a mean difference = 0.220 N·kg−1, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.056, 0.384], p = 0.0166, and d = 0.46. v0 exhibited a mean difference = 0.560 m·s−1, with a 95% CI [0.410, 0.710], p < 0.0001, and d = 1.07. RFmax exhibited a mean difference = 1.470%, with 95% CI [0.830, 2.110], p = 0.0003, and d = 0.69. DRF exhibited a mean difference = 0.260%, with a 95% CI [0.103, 0.417], p = 0.0013, and d = 0.53. Conclusions: U19 players demonstrated lower F0, lower v0, and reduced mechanical effectiveness compared with senior players. Regular monitoring of F–v profiles and individualized training interventions (force- or velocity-targeted) may be useful for training and monitoring strategies aimed at supporting physical preparation during the transition to senior soccer.
A cross-sectional analysis of lower-body stretch-shortening cycle indicators across chronological age categories and playing positions in elite youth soccer players
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute : Basel, 2026) Škorik, Marián; Sýkora, Jozef; Švantner, Roman; Pupiš, Martin; Klimek, Dominik
Objective: To examine lower-body stretch–shortening cycle (SSC) indicators across chronological age categories and playing positions in elite male youth soccer players. Methods: In a cross-sectional design, 984 male players from Slovakia (U15–U19) completed Squat Jumps (SJ), Countermovement Jumps (CMJ), and Drop Jumps (DJ) using the OptoJump photocell system. Outcomes included Eccentric Utilization Ratio (EUR), Reactive Strength Index (RSI), DJ Ground Contact Time (DJ GCT), and Jump Heights (JH). Differences were tested using factorial ANCOVA (age category × playing position) adjusted for height and weight, followed by Tukey-adjusted post hoc comparisons (p < 0.05). Results: Significant age-category main effects were observed for DJ RSI, DJ JH, CMJ JH, SJ JH, and DJ GCT. The largest effects were for DJ JH, CMJ JH, and SJ JH (ηp2 = 0.096–0.112), whereas the DJ GCT effect was statistically significant but small (ηp2 = 0.013). EUR showed no significant differences across age categories (p = 0.586). Positional differences were limited overall and mainly evident in selected U19 outcomes, particularly jump-height variables and DJ GCT. Conclusions: Lower-body SSC performance increased across chronological age categories, with the largest separation in jump-height and reactive strength outcomes. These differences likely reflect a combination of maturation, training exposure, and selection rather than chronological age alone. EUR remained stable across age categories and playing positions, although the JH-based ratio has limited sensitivity in the present test configuration. Positional separation emerged mainly at U19, supporting broad SSC development across earlier youth categories and position-sensitive interpretation in the oldest cohort.
Epistemological foundations of modeling in motor action research: A narrative review
(OVS LLC : Charkov, 2026) Lopatiev, Anatolii; Bartik, Pavol; Cieślicka, Mirosława
Background. Modeling is widely used in motor action research; however, its epistemological role remains insufficiently conceptualized. Existing approaches primarily treat modeling as a descriptive or predictive tool, overlooking its function in scientific knowledge construction. Purpose. The aim of this study was to substantiate modeling as an epistemological mechanism of scientific cognition in motor action research and to systematize its key functions in the transition from data to knowledge. Methods. A narrative review was conducted based on the analysis of conceptual publications, including author’s works and conference materials, as well as studies addressing general principles of modeling and scientific cognition. The analytical strategy involved reconstruction of conceptual development and identification of epistemic structures underlying modeling processes. Results. Modeling is interpreted as a mediated cognitive process that integrates analogy, analysis, synthesis, and formalization. Its epistemic functions include structuring empirical data, reducing uncertainty, establishing relationships between system elements, and enabling the transition from data to information and knowledge. Motor actions are considered as complex, hierarchical systems requiring integrative models that account for biomechanical, physiological, and cognitive components. The concept of biotechnical systems is introduced as a framework for instrumental mediation, enabling synchronized data acquisition, interpretation, and feedback-based control. A conceptual epistemic model of the transition from data to information and knowledge is proposed. Conclusions. Modeling should be regarded as a central epistemological mechanism in motor action research, providing a theoretical and methodological basis for understanding, analyzing, and managing complex movement systems.
Analysis of the game performance of the ice hockey team in the senior category
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2025) Opáth, Lukáš; Hudák, Samuel
The aim of this work was to analyze the game performance of the UMB Hockey Team during the 2024/2025 season in the European University Hockey League (EUHL). The goal was to identify key statistical indicators that influence the outcome of a match, specifically the goal difference. The analysis included data from 19 games — 11 from the regular season and 8 from the playoffs. Data were collected through indirect observation and systematic recording of game statistics. The monitored indicators were: shots on goal, shooting accuracy, face-off success rate, power play success, penalty kill success, blocked shots, lost pucks, and gained pucks. The results showed that the team averaged 46.4 shots on goal per game, with a shooting accuracy of 12.88%. The power play success rate was 28.06%, while the penalty kill success rate reached 93.81%, indicating strong offensive and defensive performance. Regression analysis revealed that shooting accuracy was the only statistically significant variable affecting the goal difference (p < 0.05). This was confirmed in both the simpler model (R² = 0.76) and the more complex model (R² = 0.78). A 1% increase in shooting accuracy significantly raised the predicted goal difference. In conclusion, the thesis highlights the importance of tracking and analyzing performance indicators in ice hockey. The findings provide practical recommendations for coaches, especially the need to focus on improving shooting efficiency, which proved to be the most decisive factor in match outcomes.
The impact of microdosed plyometric training on speed and explosive abilities of football players during the pre-season
(BioMed Central : Londýn, 2026) Škorik, Marián; Kalina, Tomáš; Pupiš, Martin; Hrubý, Michal
Background: Microdosed training distributes a given training stimulus into shorter, more frequent sessions. This study investigated whether a microdosed plyometric program produces similar adaptations to a traditional plyometric program when the total number of plyometric contacts is closely matched in elite youth football players. Methods: In this quasi-experimental, two-group study, twenty-four elite U19 players were allocated to a traditional training group (TRG, n = 12, 2 sessions·week⁻¹, ~ 40 min·session⁻¹) or a microdosed group (MDG, n = 12, 3–4 sessions·week⁻¹, ~ 20 min·session⁻¹). Allocation was nonrandomized and matched on countermovement jump (CMJ) height and modified reactive strength index (RSI mod) from a drop jump (DJ), with standing broad jump (SBJ) used as a tiebreaker. Total plyometric contact volume was closely matched over an 8-week intervention. Primary outcomes were 30 m sprint mechanical outputs (1080 Sprint: peak speed, peak force, peak power), DJ RSI mod, and CMJ metrics. Secondary outcomes were the 15–0–5 change of direction (CoD) test outputs (time, acceleration, and deceleration), and SBJ. Within-group pre–post changes were tested using paired t-tests and between-group comparisons using independent t-tests on change scores (α = 0.05). Nonparametric tests were conducted as sensitivity analyses. Effect sizes are reported as absolute Hedges’ g (|g|). Results: Primary outcomes improved in both groups: DJ RSI mod increased by 14.3% (TRG) and 12.5% (MDG), CMJ height by 4.5% and 9.6%, and 30 m sprint peak speed by 2.3% and 2.5% (within-group |g| = 0.02–1.09). Secondary outcomes were mixed across SBJ and 15–0–5 metrics (within-group |g| = 0.00–1.17). Between-group comparisons of change scores showed no evidence of differences (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: With closely matched total plyometric contacts, analyses showed no evidence that short-term adaptations differed between microdosed scheduling and a two-session format in U19 players. Microdosing may allow the same weekly dose to be delivered in shorter, more frequent sessions when scheduling is constrained.
Changes in thoracolumbar spine following a 10-week corrective exercise programme in students of performing arts
(Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego im. Bronisława Czecha w Krakowie, 2025) Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Azor, Stanislav; Bartik, Pavol
Introduction: Students of performing arts, in particular, music students, are vulnerable to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) because of prolonged static postures and asymmetrical loading associated with instrument playing. Objectives: The study aim was to evaluate the impact of a 10-week corrective exercise programme on improving thoracolumbar spine in female university-level students of performing arts. Materials and Methods: A true experimental design was used with 25 female students of performing arts, divided into an experimental group (n = 15, 60%) and control group (n = 10, 40%). Pre- and post-intervention evaluations were conducted using Schober’s, Stibor’s and Otto’s tests. Non-parametric statistical analyses were applied. This work was supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Research, Development and Youth of the Slovak Republic – Grant No. 1/0512/24: Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Students of Performing Arts. Results: The experimental group showed statistically significant improvements in all three spinal function tests: Schober’s (from 3.06 ± 0.60 cm to 5.40 ± 0.82 cm), Stibor’s (from 6.46 ± 0.64 cm to 9.20 ± 0.86 cm) and Otto’s (from 4.12 ± 0.98 cm to 5.86 ± 0.36 cm), all with p < 0.01. No changes were observed in the control group. Between-group comparisons at Week 10 confirmed significant functional improvements in the experimental group (all p < 0.01). Conclusions: The 10-week corrective exercise programme significantly enhanced thoracolumbar spine (function) in students of performing arts. These findings suggest that low-cost, targeted interventions can effectively address posture-related musculoskeletal risks in this population and should be integrated into the curricula for performing arts.
Physical activity-sleep quality relationships: Insights from Slovak adolescents by age and gender
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute : Basel, 2026) Adamčák, Štefan; Marko, Michal; Kľocová Adamčáková, Zora
This study aims to provide insights into how physical activity is associated with sleep patterns in youth populations, in particular, Slovak adolescents, and how gender (boys vs. girls) and age (≤16 vs. ≥18) moderate this relationship, using an extreme-group comparison approach that excludes 17-year-olds to enhance contrast between developmental stages. Using a cross-sectional design, self-reported data were collected from 2504 (100%) high school students (aged 15–19; 45.6% boys, 54.4% girls) using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Participants aged 17 years were excluded from age-stratified analysis to create clearer separation between early/mid and late adolescence. The primary outcome was global sleep quality (PSQI > 5). Secondary outcomes included sleep duration and PSQI component scores. All other analyses (age- and gender-stratified comparisons and interaction models) were predefined as exploratory and hypothesis-generating to examine potential effect modification. Age-stratified analyses among girls showed that, within the low PA group, good sleep was reported by 37.7% of younger girls (≤16) and 28.6% of older girls (≥18). Among older girls, the proportion reporting good sleep increased to 49.8% in the high PA group (χ2 = 29.16, p < 0.001). No consistent associations between PA and sleep quality were observed among boys; however, significant association was identified among younger boys (≤16 years), which was not observed in older boys. Logistic regression revealed a modest interaction between age and PA level in predicting sleep quality among girls (β = 0.346, p = 0.049), suggesting small age-dependent variation in the association. This effect should be interpreted cautiously given its borderline statistical significance. Component-level PSQI analyses showed that girls experienced higher rates of sleep disturbances (χ2 = 91.40, p < 0.001), longer sleep latency (χ2 = 26.71, p < 0.001), and greater daytime dysfunction (χ2 = 79.90, p < 0.001). These findings provide region-specific evidence from Central and Eastern Europe and underscore the need for age- and gender-sensitive public health strategies targeting both physical activity promotion and better sleep outcomes, given their observed associations.
Is an altitude below 1400 m above sea level sufficient to trigger an adaptive response?
(Edizioni Minerva Medica : Turin, 2026) Pupiš, Martin; Pupišová, Zuzana; Bako, Kristián
BACKGROUND: Over the past 2 decades, our studies have revealed that despite extensive research, many unanswered questions persist regarding hypoxic preparation and the resulting adaptive response. For these reasons, we believe it is essential to investigate the impact of environmental hypoxia at altitudes below 1500 m above sea level on the parameters monitored in the athlete’s biological passport (ABP). METHODS: The research was conducted as a pilot part of research on a group of seven Slovak endurance athletes (4 males, 3 females) aged 22-27 years who are active in athletics and cross-country skiing. All participants have extensive experience with hypoxic training (more than 5 years). As part of the research, we monitored their adaptive response to hypoxic conditions at altitudes up to 1350 m above sea level. RESULTS: The findings from the study conducted on seven athletes affirm that, contrary to typical interpretations (such as those in the ABP sampling protocol), even hypoxic conditions at 1350 m above sea level can have a notable impact on the outcomes analyzed in the ABP. The results showed that exposure to hypoxia below 1350 m above sea level resulted in a reduction in hemoglobin levels, while a contrary trend was observed for reticulocytes. This trend was reflected in the Off-score, showing a decrease across all cases. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained confirmed the effect of hypoxic conditions at altitudes up to 1350 m above sea level on erythropoiesis.
The impact of blood sampling location on results in the athlete's biological passport
(Edizioni Minerva Medica : Turin, 2026) Pupiš, Martin; Brünn, David; Sýkora, Jozef; Pupišová, Zuzana; Bako, Kristián
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess whether the arm from which the blood sample was taken could potentially affect the results of the athlete’s biological passport (ABP) data. METHODS: The study involved 25 adult male athletes aged between 20 and 35 years old. The analysis took place in an accredited laboratory, where all participants had their blood collected in the morning after fasting from both the right and left arms. Regarding the evaluation, we focused on the parameters monitored in the ABP (hemoglobin, reticulocytes, Off-score). The sampling was carried out at 8:00 a.m. The parameters analyzed were those monitored in the athlete’s biological passport: hemoglobin and reticulocytes, from which the Off-score was derived (Off-score = Hgb × 10-60 × (√reticulocytes). RESULTS: The research results suggest that the sampling location - that is, from which arm the blood was sampled, may have a significant impact on the data interpreted in the ABP. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, we recommend further research focused on investigating potential differences caused by the location of blood sampling. Future research should involve conducting similar measurements on a larger sample size of both athletes and non-athletes.
Video case report: ACL and PCL distension injury in an MMA fighter
(Stowarzyszenie Idōkan Polska : Rzeszów, 2026) Líška, Dávid; Spurný, Martin; Lupták, Ján Samuel
Background. Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a high-intensity combat sport that exposes athletes to substantial biomechanical stress, often leading to musculoskeletal injuries. Knee injuries, particularly those affecting the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), are of significant concern due to their impact on an athlete’s performance and career longevity. Problem and Aim. This video case report presents a unique instance of ACL and PCL distension in an MMA fighter. The aim is to describe the injury mechanism and diagnostic findings. Material and Methods. Video footage from the match was utilized to analyze the recorded injury mechanism. Subsequently, the patient was examined using MRI, and a comprehensive case description was provided. Results. The injury occurred during a grappling sequence, where rotational and compressive forces on the knee joint led to ligamentous stress. MRI confirmed diffuse distension of the ACL and PCL without rupture or secondary joint damage, showing increased signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging. Conclusions. This case highlights an uncommon pattern of ACL and PCL distension in MMA, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate rehabilitation strategies. The findings contribute to the growing understanding of injury mechanisms and management in combat sports, supporting the role of conservative treatment in cases of ligamentous distension without rupture.
Cvičenia na nácvik a zdokonaľovanie preskoku - skrčky pre žiakov nižšieho stredného vzdelávania
(Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa v Nitre, 2025) Žilovcová, Iveta; Voľanský, Samuel
Telesná a športová výchova zohráva významnú úlohu v rozvoji žiakov. Jej súčasťou je okrem iného gymnastika, ktorá rozvíja koordináciu, silu, rovnováhu, flexibilitu a zároveň si žiaci osvojujú nové gymnastické zručnosti. V rámci tematického celku Základy gymnastických športov sa žiaci oboznamujú s technikou a metodikou jednotlivých cvičebných tvarov, medzi ktoré patrí aj preskok – skrčka (Ministerstvo školstva, vedy, výskumu a športu Slovenskej republiky, 2015; Strešková, 2008). Hlavným cieľom preskoku je prekonávanie rôznych druhov náradia prostredníctvom skoku. Najčastejšie sa pri ňom využíva koza – umiestnená na šírku alebo na dĺžku, prípadne švédska debna postavená na šírku (Janošková & Šeráková, 2019). V nižšie uvedených cvičeniach je využitá molitanová švédska debna. Strešková (2003) definuje šesť fáz preskoku: rozbeh, náskok na mostík a odraz, prvá letová fáza, dohmat a odraz z náradia, druhá letová fáza a doskok. Súhlasíme s Kremnickým, Chrudimským a Atikovićom (2019), že pri doskoku je dôležité stlmiť kinetickú energiu tela, aby sa dostalo do stabilnej polohy. Koordinovaná činnosť dolných končatín, správna orientácia v priestore a stabilná rovnováha sú základom úspešného doskoku. V príspevku uvádzame deväť cvičení, ktoré je možné využiť nielen pri nácviku, ale aj pri zdokonaľovaní gymnastickej zručnosti pri preskoku – skrčka. Cvičenia sú vhodné pre žiakov nižšieho stredného vzdelávania.
Relationship between flat-water performance and slalom race outcomes
(Editura Universităţii din Piteşti, 2025) Škáchová, Monika; Mandzáková, Martina
Canoe slalom is a sport defined by intricate technical and physical challenges within rapidly changing whitewater environments. Coaches and sport scientists counter difficulties in finding reliable diagnostic tools that accurately predict race outcomes. Although flat-water tests are commonly used in training, there is limited evidence supporting their effectiveness in predicting competition performance in slalom events. Aim: The aim of the study is to determine whether there is a statistically significant relationship between performance in the 12x15 m test on flat water and performance in canoe slalom competitions. Materials and Methods: The sample included twenty-eight Slovak elite slalom athletes were assessed, divided equally into four categories: K1 men (n = 7), K1 women (n = 7), C1 men (n = 7), and C1 women (n = 7). We used a 12x15 m test on flat water. The test was performed with gates placed directly opposite each other at 15 m, according to Vajda and Piatrikova (2021). The flat-water test was conducted under standardized conditions in September 2024, and competitive results were obtained from the Slovak Championships in Čunovo (Bratislava) later that month. Performance data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation. Results: Mean times in the 6×30 m test were 93.9±1.59 s (K1M), 103.0±2.21 s (K1W), 104.0±2.93 s (C1M), and 113.0±1.75 s (C1W). At the Slovak Championships, clean final-run times were 96.8±1.98 s (K1M), 106.0±3.78 s (K1W), 107.0±9.8 s (C1M), and 111.0±10.4 s (C1W). Statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between test and race performance (r = 0.570, p = 0.002), corresponding to a large effect size according to Cohen (1988). Conclusion: The findings indicate that the 12x15 m shuttle test provides a valid and race-relevant diagnostic tool for canoe slalom athletes. Coaches are encouraged to incorporate this test not only for performance monitoring but also as a specific training stimulus, since it replicates race demands in a controlled environment. Regular implementation of the test may enhance athlete preparation, support individualized training adjustments, and contribute to long-term performance development in canoe slalom
Analýza výskytu oslabených svalov trupu u študentiek Fakulty múzických umení Akadémie umení v Banskej Bystrici
(Universum : Prešov, 2025) Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Slováková, Michaela
Študenti hudobných odborov sú vystavení dlhodobému jednostrannému a statickému zaťaženiu pri hre na nástroj alebo speve. Tento typ záťaže prispieva k vzniku svalovej dysbalancie, ktorá sa prejavuje oslabením stabilizačných svalových skupín a poruchami posturálnej kontroly. Cieľom štúdie bolo analyzovať výskyt oslabených svalov trupu u študentiek Fakulty múzických umení Akadémie umení v Banskej Bystrici, so zameraním na brušné svalstvo, hlboké ohýbače krku a hlavy a dolné fixátory lopatiek. Výskumu sa zúčastnilo 56 študentiek (priemerný vek 22,74 roka) zapísaných v denných študijných programoch interpretačného umenia. Funkčný stav vybraných svalových skupín bol hodnotený pomocou štandardizovaných testov podľa Thurzovej (1992). Analýza poukázala na oslabenie vo všetkých sledovaných svalových skupinách. V brušnom svalstve bolo oslabenie prítomné u 42,86 %, v hlbokých flexoroch krku u 50,00 % a v dolných fixátoroch lopatiek až u 57,14 % študentiek. Tento podiel oslabených svalov signalizuje významné narušenie stabilizačných mechanizmov trupu a riziko rozvoja horného a dolného skríženého syndrómu. Zistenia potvrdzujú vysoký výskyt oslabených stabilizačných svalov, čo poukazuje na komplexné narušenie hlbokého stabilizačného systému u študentiek hudobných odborov. Identifikované deficity predstavujú rizikový faktor pre vznik posturálnych porúch a muskuloskeletálnych ťažkostí. Do edukačného procesu je potrebné integrovať pravidelné hodnotenie funkčného stavu pohybového aparátu, cielené posilňovanie oslabených svalov a fyzioterapeutické intervencie. Tieto opatrenia môžu významne prispieť k podpore zdravia študentiek a dlhodobej udržateľnosti ich umeleckej činnosti.
Gender and regional differences in physical education teachers' perspectives on basketball instruction in Slovakia
(Taylor & Francis : Abingdon, 2025) Beťák, Boris; Líška, Dávid; Pivovarniček, Pavol; Barthová, Martina; Popelka, Jaroslav
Basketball is a central component of physical education in Slovak schools, contributing to students’ physical, cognitive and social development. The success of basketball instruction largely depends on the competencies, experiences and attitudes of physical education (PE) teachers. This study explores Slovak PE teachers’ opinions, practices and challenges related to basketball teaching. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1168 PE teachers (635 men and 533 women) from 635 schools during the 2023/2024 academic year. Significant gender-based and regional differences were identified. Male teachers favored sports games, particularly football and applied technical teaching approaches more often, while female teachers preferred gymnastics, volleyball and game-oriented strategies. Urban teachers expressed more favorable attitudes toward basketball, taught it more frequently and reported better equipment availability compared to rural teachers. However, all groups cited limited time and low interest in teaching basketball as common shortcomings. Basketball instruction in Slovak schools is shaped by both teacher gender and school setting. These findings underscore the need for targeted professional development, enhanced infrastructure and curriculum reform to ensure equitable and effective basketball education. By addressing these factors, the study provides a foundation for improving teaching practices and supporting more inclusive PE across diverse school contexts.
Level of swimming ability of primary school pupils
(Univerzita Mateja Bela, Filozofická fakulta : Banská Bystrica, 2025) Pupišová, Zuzana
This study is aimed at determining the relationship and influence of different forms of basic swimming training on the swimming ability of primary school children in the Bansko-Bystrica region. The research was carried out in the school years 2023/24 and 2024/25 and involved 332 second and third year primary school pupils with an average age of 7.6 years, an average body height of 132 cm and an average body weight of 26.5 kg. Swimming ability was assessed by 5 tests of swimming skills (deep water dive, deep water exhalation, breaststroke and backstroke, catching objects) and 5 tests dealing with the mastery of swimming techniques, starts and turns. The testing was conducted after the completion of the swimming training, and the pupils scored an average of 1.9 points on the swimming skills tests (T1 - T5), with girls showing better average results than boys (2.1 / 1.7). The results from the tests focusing on mastering the basics of the starting dive (T6) indicate a set level of 1.6 points, and 2.3 points in the swimming stroke (T7), with the breaststroke stroke being the most frequently chosen stroke although most pupils were able to correctly perform the crawl pendulum stroke. Pupils mastered the gross form of the breaststroke stroke at an average of 1.94 points, the crawl stroke at an average of 1.64 points and the breaststroke at an average of 1.66 points. On the basis of the results and average scores of probands we evaluate the level of swimming ability of the children of the monitored groups, especially due to the insufficient time subsidy of the implemented swimming training as adequate and corresponding to the requirements and performance standard.
Percussion massage therapy reduced EMG activity during standing heel raise
(International society of musculoskeletal and neuronal interactions : Lykovrysi, 2025) Hank, Mikuláš; Michal, Lukáš; Sugimoto, Dai; Verbruggen Ferdia, Fallon; Pivovarniček, Pavol; Miřátský, Petr; Zahálka, František; Malý, Tomáš
Objectives: This study examined the acute impact of percussion massage therapy (PMT) on calf muscle activation during heel raises in individuals with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI). Methods: Thirty-nine university students, 20 with CAI and 19 controls, were randomized to 30 seconds of PMT or no intervention (NOPMT). Surface EMG measured medial gastrocnemius activity during heel raise before and after. Results: Pre-intervention, CAI limbs displayed significantly lower peak muscle activation than limbs without CAI (26%, p = 0.012). Post-intervention, both PMT groups showed significant reductions in peak EMG (CAI: 10%, controls: 12%, p<0.05), while NOPMT groups remained unchanged. Conclusion: These results indicate CAI is associated with reduced calf muscle activation, and PMT further decreases it. However, PMT’s activation-reducing effect may be counterproductive when increased muscle activation is desired, necessitating further research on PMT’s interaction with activation exercises. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects and optimal timing of PMT in rehabilitation and athletic settings.
Dynamic function of spine and its influence by 10-week intervention program in students of performing arts
(IP Iermakov SS : Charkov, 2025) Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Azor, Stanislav; Bartik, Pavol
Background and Study Aim. Students of performing arts often engage in repetitive practice routines. This can lead to overuse and muscle fatigue, which increase the risk of acute pain in the neck, arms, and shoulders. These conditions may negatively affect both quality of life and performance. Although various corrective approaches are applied in performing arts education, their relative effectiveness in improving spinal function remains a matter of practical interest. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of a 10-week intervention program on the dynamic function of the spine in students of performing arts. Material and Methods. The 10-week intervention program was carried out twice per week for 30 minutes (Tuesday, Thursday) between October 14 and December 20, 2024. It was aimed at improving the dynamic function of the spine in 16 students (58%) of performing arts who were assigned to the experimental group (age 22.20 ± 1.40 years, weight 80.60 ± 2.80 kg, height 180.20 ± 4.40 cm). Twelve students (42%) received no intervention and formed the control group (age 22.80 ± 1.40 years, weight 76.80 ± 1.60 kg, height 176.80 ± 2.80 cm). All 28 students (100%) were bachelor’s degree students (1st–3rd year) in Performing Arts and Composition at the Academy of Arts in Banská Bystrica (Faculty of Performing Arts). Standardized measures for evaluating the dynamic function of the spine (forward and side bend tests) were applied before the program (Week 1, October 14) and after completion (Week 10, December 20, 2024). The impact was evaluated using the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results. The results demonstrated significant improvements (p < .01) in the dynamic function of the spine in the experimental group (N = 16, 58%) after the 10-week intervention, particularly in forward and side bend tests. Scores in the forward bend test improved from -10.62 ± 4.24 cm in Week 1 to -2.74 ± 1.84 cm in Week 10 (Z = 3.52, p < .01, r = .62). Improvements (p < .01) were also observed in the side bend test, with lateral flexion to the right increasing from 18.56 ± .62 cm to 21.56 ± .62 cm (Z = 3.54, p < .01, r = .62) and lateral flexion to the left increasing from 18.36 ± 1.02 cm to 21.54 ± .60 cm (Z = 3.60, p < .01, r = .64). No significant improvements (p > .05) were observed in the control group (N = 12, 42%), suggesting that the 10-week intervention program contributed to the observed outcomes. Conclusions. The 10-week intervention program significantly improved (p < .01) the dynamic function of the spine in students (N = 16, 58%) of performing arts. These results underscore the importance of interventions in mitigating musculoskeletal risks associated with prolonged instrumental practice. Future research should explore long-term effects and broader applications of such interventions within performing arts education.

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