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The incidence of eccentric and isometric hamstring strength asymmetries among U19 youth elite soccer players in Slovakia
(Univerzita Mateja Bela, Filozofická fakulta : Banská Bystrica, 2024) Sýkora, Jozef
Physical preparation in soccer is requiring individualization through regular monitoring the physical abilities of players. When it comes to injury prevention, muscle strength and performance asymmetries detection is reliable way to identify increased risk for injury. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the incidence of eccentric and isometric hamstring strength asymmetries among U19 youth elite soccer players in Slovakia and provide the necessary information for physical coaches to improve the injury prevention training protocols. Two hundred eighty-six players (Age 17.29 ± 0.65 years, Height 180.75 ± 12.27 centimeters, Bodyweight 72.97 ± 6.67 kilograms) from 14 Slovakian soccer academies participated in testing their eccentric and isometric hamstring strength during the September 2023. The results showed very high incidence of eccentric as well as isometric hamstring strength asymmetries, when almost 47% of all players scored above 10 % difference between the lower extremities in one or both tests. More than 34 % of all players (p < 0.01, d = 0.3) achieved above 10 % inter-limb difference in eccentric hamstring strength and 26.22 % of all players (p < 0.01, r = 0.36) scored above 10 % inter-limb difference in isometric hamstring strength. Surprisingly, when it comes about players position the results are inconclusive, since some positions showed significant inter-limb differences in eccentric strength, but not in isometric strength and vice versa. Nevertheless, since above 10 % difference in strength testing is considered as a caution for increased chance for injury in any sport, our results suggest that for the players who scored higher asymmetries the physical training intervention for minimizing the inter-limb strength differences might be helpful as a part of injury prevention strategy. Further research needs to be conducted to confirm our findings. It might be interesting to compare the history of players injuries with their strength performance.
Effectiveness of an innovative athletic program at the 1st stage of primary school
(Univerzita Mateja Bela, Filozofická fakulta : Banská Bystrica, 2024) Čillík, Ivan; Dibdiak, Andrej
The aim of the experiment was to test the effectiveness of an innovative program in grade 3 of elemantary school and to compare the results with a traditional teaching program for lower stage of elementary school. The experiment took place at the Ďumbierska primry School in Banská Bystrica. One class was randomly assigned as an experimental group, in which teaching in the form of an innovative programme took place, and the other as a control group, in which teaching in the traditional way took place. Subsequently, the application of the innovative programme was carried out in the scope of 9 lessons. A 5-point scoring scale was developed to assess athletic skills. SPSS Statistic statistical program was used to detect statistical significance and the results were evaluated at α ≤ 0.05 level. The pupils of the experimental group achieved a significant improvement in sports skills compared to the control group, which was confirmed by calculating the statistical significance. The most significant improvement was recorded in short distance running, where pupils of the experimental group improved by 32%. In short distance running, the most significant differences between the experimental and control group were also recorded, by 20%. In the standing long jump, an improvement of 23.5% was recorded, with a more significant improvement of 19% compared to the control group. The least significant differences were recorded in cricket ball throwing, where the experimental group improved by 16.75%, 13% more than the control group. Based on the results, we recommend incorporating more innovative exercises, exercises in pairs and movement games, following the methodological procedures, incorporating more teaching aids to make the lesson more varied and fun for the pupils.
Relationship between erythropoietin levels and reticulocyte count in sports
(Univerzita Mateja Bela, Filozofická fakulta : Banská Bystrica, 2024) Pupiš, Martin; Opáth, Lukáš; Sýkora, Jozef; Brünn, David; Hlávek, Michal
The aim of the study was to determine if a direct relationship could be established between erythropoietin levels and reticulocyte counts in blood samples collected at the same time. The research was conducted as a case study on an adult endurance athlete (aged 26-27 at the time of the study), with blood samples taken over a two-year period. Erythropoietin levels and reticulocyte counts were analyzed to investigate a possible relationship between the two. Erythropoietin levels ranged from 3.24 mlU/ml to 12.5 mlU/ml, with a maximum value 3.86 times higher than the minimum. The reticulocyte count ranged from 0.94% to 1.75%. Therefore, the maximum value was 1.86 times higher than the minimum value. A negligible relation (r=0.13) was found between erythropoietin levels and the reticulocyte count. The results of this case study suggest that it is not possible to definitively identify a relationship between erythropoietin levels and the reticulocyte counts when both parameters are analyzed from a single blood draw. Based on these results, further research is needed to identify individual factors that could improve the objectivity of interpreting the results monitored in ABP.
Comparison of modern and traditional coaching styles in ice hockey
(Univerzita Mateja Bela, Filozofická fakulta : Banská Bystrica, 2024) Opáth, Lukáš; Štofanková, Adriána
Our study focuses on comparing the modern coaching style with the traditional style by examining the efficiency of training sessions designed by us. Additionally, we compared the results of our monitored club, HK Brezno, with two other clubs: HK Sportrend Žiar nad Hronom and HK Iskra Partizánske. For the comparison of training sessions, we selected four attributes: players' active time, decision-making element, number of shots, and number of passes. The observed players participated in five training sessions reflecting modern coaching methods and five sessions based on traditional coaching methods. The measured results indicate that modern coaching is significantly more effective in HK Brezno than the traditional style. Similarly, in the other two clubs, we concluded that the traditional approach is not effective for the needs of contemporary hockey, whereas the modern coaching style meets all the requirements of modern hockey.
Effect of an exercise program on the body posture of young school-aged pupils
(Editura Universităţii din Piteşti, 2024) Slováková, Michaela; Mandzáková, Martina
Introduction: Physical activity plays a crucial role in children's overall health, particularly in preventing musculoskeletal disorders. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise program integrated into physical education classes at schools, with the goal of improving the posture of younger school-age pupils. Material and Methods: The group consisted of Ʃ63 pupils, comprising boys (n=30) aged 10,21±0,42 years, and girls (n=32) aged 10,32±0,37. The Intervention Movement Program involved selected tools using musical-movement and dance activities, implemented for a period of 18 weeks, twice a week per 45 minutes within the lessons of Physical and Sports Education. As far as data collection, standardized PE test was used, and the Klein-Thomas test modified by Mayer was used to evaluate the body posture. Based on statistical evaluation, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used, the effect of the implemented movement program on the significance level 0,05 was verified. Results: A significant progress in the quality of body posture in both groups of observed girls (p<0.5%) and boys (p<0.5%) was observed. There were significant changes in all evaluated segments of both girls’ and boys’ groups - Head and neck posture (p<0.5%), Chest shape (p<0.5%), Abdomen and pelvic inclination (p<0.5%), Total Spine curvature (p<0.5%), Shoulder blades/ scapulae (p<0.5%). Conclussion: Regular and targeted movement activities of students in the school environment significantly affect the quality of posture as one of the manifestations of health. Based on the findings listed above, an exercise program with music and dance activities can be considered a highly effective tool.
Comparison of eccentric and concentric training effects on improving explosive performance in elite female basketball players: a pilot study
(Univerzita Mateja Bela, Filozofická fakulta : Banská Bystrica, 2024) Škorik, Marián; Pupiš, Martin; Sýkora, Jozef; Švantner, Roman
Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of concentrically dominant (CD) and eccentrically dominant (ED) training programs on explosive abilities in elite female basketball players, focusing on vertical jump performance. Methods: A total of 10 elite female basketball players were divided into two groups, with five participants each. One group followed a concentrically dominant training program, while the other group followed an eccentrically dominant program. The training lasted six weeks, with two sessions per week. Vertical jumps were assessed using countermovement jumps (CMJ), squat jumps (SQJ), and drop jumps (DJ), focusing on parameters such as Relative Peak Power and Landing Rate of Force Development (RFD) and other parameters. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality, independent t-tests, and Cohen’s d to assess effect sizes for the CMJ, DJ, and SQ tests. Results: The CD group demonstrated improvements in both Relative Peak Power (from 41.520 to 43.360 W/kg, Cohen's d = -0.824) and Jump Height (Cohen's d = -0.964) in the CMJ test, though the differences were not statistically significant. The ED group showed minimal improvement, and in some cases, slight reductions in performance parameters. In the DJ test, significant improvements in Landing RFD were observed in the CD group (Cohen's d = -1.533), while the ED group showed a large effect size in Landing RFD (Cohen's d = -0.858), though this effect was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Concentrically dominant training was more effective in improving explosive strength and jump height, as well as demonstrating a statistically significant improvement in Landing RFD. While eccentrically dominant training also showed a notable effect in landing control, it was not as pronounced or statistically significant. Based on these findings, incorporating both training modalities could enhance explosive performance and improve landing mechanics in elite female basketball players. Further research with larger sample sizes is recommended to solidify these conclusions.
Occurrence of lower limb asymetries during deceleration in soccer players in the U19 category
(Univerzita Mateja Bela, Filozofická fakulta : Banská Bystrica, 2024) Karabín, Lukáš; Pupiš, Martin; Švantner, Roman
Objective: The main aim of the study was to identify asymmetries between the dominant and non-dominant lower limb during horizontal deceleration in youth soccer players playing at different playing positions. The research sample consisted of players of the Slovak Football Federation academies in the U19 age category (n=228). We tested the horizontal deceleration of the players by 15-0-5 change-of-direction test, which was performed on a 1080 Sprint adjustable motorized resistance device (1080 Motion, Lidingö, Sweden). For statistical analysis, we used descriptive statistics methods, Shapiro-wilk test for normality of data distribution, one-factor ANOVA test, paired t-test, and Cohen's d to determine the effect size. We did not observe statistically significant asymmetries between players at each player position (forwards, wide midfielders, central midfielders, full backs, central defenders) during deceleration for dominant and non-dominant lower limbs. However, we observed the highest level of deceleration in the full backs, also for dominant (mean = 8.30 m/s² ± 0.82 m/s²) and non-dominant (mean = 8.28 m/s² ± 0.78 m/s²) lower limb. We observed the highest level of deceleration in the full backs, who are characterized by the highest number of decelerations in the game, precisely due to the frequent transition between phases of the game. These findings are directly applicable to the design of individual training programs with an emphasis on reducing injury incidence and increasing movement efficiency during deceleration.
The area of fighting arts studies A.D. 2023: organisational and scientific development
(Stowarzyszenie Idōkan Polska : Rzeszów, 2024) Korobeynikov, Georgiy; Bartik, Pavol; Vences de Brito, Antonio; Swider, Pawel
Problem. Science in the area of fighting arts is constantly being developed. How does this process work from the perspective of GTFA (General Theory of Fighting Arts) and institutions co-creating or cooperating in this area? The issue concerns the period from October 2022 to October 2023. Method. The analysis covers the historical and philosophical background, the activities of specialized scientific societies and universities, conferences, workshops, and other meetings, as well as new, more important scientific publications. It is a kind of review, factual and review study (opinions about events and publications). Various categories of sources were taken into account. Results. The activities of several scientific institutions (including IPA and IMACSSS) over the past year were discussed. A review of new publications in the interdisciplinary area of fighting arts was performed. Reference was also made to selected mass culture content (martial arts cinema) and some popularizing publications. Conclusions. The regularity of annual events, such as IPA meetings, seminars and summer camps, IMACSSS conferences, or other regular events, demonstrates an established institutional order. The traditions of given organizations are being built. In turn, new publications prove that the world of science is still interested in the area of fighting arts, as well as new ideas and scientific problems in this very interesting area that go beyond the scope of physical culture.
Relationship between key performance indicators and force-velocity profile of elite sprinters and football players
(Univerzita Mateja Bela, Filozofická fakulta : Banská Bystrica, 2024) Brünn, David; Švantner Roman
This study is based on the research of Brűnn and Švantner (1), who compared key performance indicators (KPI) of an elite sprinter and players of national football teams. Although the sprinter excelled in jumping abilities (SJ, CMJ, BJ, RSI), he did not achieve the highest strength values in any of the selected metrics. Švantner and Brűnn (2) also compared sprint acceleration force-velocity profile of elite sprinters and elite football players, and it was found that while football players showed superior force production and application effectiveness, sprinters maintain high efficiency in force at increased velocities. The aim of this study is to follow up and correlate non-specific KPI and force velocity profile of elite sprinters and football players. Methods: The first part of the research was collecting key performance indicators data of 13 elite level male soccer players and an elite level sprinter, who completed squat jump (SJ), counter-movement jump (CMJ), broad jump (BJ), depth jump (DJ – RSI index) tests, ankle extensors’ force assessment (AEF), isometric 30° knee flexion (ISO30), eccentric nordic hamstring (ENH), isokinetic knee extension (IKQ) and knee flexion (IKH). The second part of the research was to complete a 30m linear sprint, which was assessed by 1080 Sprint device. The research sample consisted of 38 male elite soccer players and 6 elite level sprinters. The testing of football players took place on match day +3 days, with RAMP protocol warm up. Macroscopic F-v profiles were calculated based on running speed, body mass and the basic laws of motion applied to the center of mass. Last phase of the research was to correlate non-specific KPI (SJ, SMJ, BJ, DJ, AEF, ISO30, ENH, IKQ, IKH) and force velocity profile (F0, V0, RFmax %, DRF %) of elite sprinters and football players. The statistical analysis was done in Python program. Results: In our research sample, which consisted of elite football players and sprinters, only one moderate positive correlation (0.63) was found between strength in eccentric nordic hamstring exercise and momentum (kg∗m/s). Weak correlation (0.47) was observed between ankle joint extensors isometric strength and momentum (kg∗m/s), suggesting the importance of adequate strength level of individuals in specific positions. Almost moderate correlation (correlation coefficient: 0.47) between the standing long jump and the value of V0 (m/s) and at the same time no correlation (correlation coefficient: -0.06) between the standing long jump and the value of F0 (N/kg) is a very interesting finding. Given that the standing long jump represents horizontal force production, these findings are rather unforseen. Unexpectedly, only weak relationship was found between RSI and V0 (m/s) (0.41) and no relationship between isometric hamstring strength and F0 and V0 respectively. Conclusions: While the sprinter excelled in jumping abilities (SJ, CMJ, BJ, RSI), he did not achieve the highest levels of strength across any of the selected metrics (1). The second part of this study underscores the fact, that while football players demonstrate greater force production and application effectiveness, sprinters exhibit high efficiency in force at elevated velocities (2). No or weak relationships were found between KPI and the force-velocity profile of the research sample in our correlations. Another finding is the fact that despite the different movement strategies to reach maximal speed between football players and sprinters, these facts did not substantially affect the final results.
The influence of the plyometric training on the lower limb explosive power of basketball players
(Univerzita Mateja Bela, Filozofická fakulta : Banská Bystrica, 2024) Barthová, Martina; Izáková, Andrea
The plyometric training program currently used almost all kinds of sports. Athletes use them to improve their performance in specific movements, such as throws, jumps, starts, etc. Especially basketball is considered a very explosive, dynamic and fast- paced sport in which plyometric training is widely used. For the highest explosive power, two training methods must be recommended: strength and plyometric training. PT is commonly used method for developing of the lower limb explosive power by natural dynamic movements, such as various jump and jumps with counter movement.
The use of hyperoxia to accelerate recovery the organism after the floor exercises routines in artistic gymnastics
(Univerzita Mateja Bela, Filozofická fakulta : Banská Bystrica, 2024) Kremnický, Juraj
The research deals with the use of inhalation of concentrated oxygen in the regeneration interval after anaerobic load in Artistic Gymnastics. The aim of research´s realization was to diagnose the impact of inhalation of concentrated oxygen (hyperoxia) on the recovery´s duration on reaction of heart rate and the level of the lactate in capillary blood after the floor exercises. The experiment was implemented on three members of nation team of Slovakia in artistic gymnastics. During the experiment´s realization, the heart rate of gymnasts was continuously monitored. One minute after each specific load and after 3-, 7- and 15-minute recovery, we applied measurements of the lactate levels in capillary blood. The experimental factor was anonymous inhalation of concentrated oxygen respectively air (in form of placebo) during the rest. Gymnasts regenerated after each specific load by the form of inhalation of concentrated oxygen or placebo. Diagnostics´ results after floor exercises of all professional gymnasts suggest on decrease of anaerobic cover after oxygen´s inhalation and faster lactate´s remetabolisation when comparing with placebo´s inhalation. The lactate curve tended downward from the 1st minute in recovery with inhalation of concentrated oxygen. On the contrary inhaling placebo made lactate curve rise till 3rd minute, resp. till 7th minute and then tended downwards. It was also exhibited the decrease of heart rate the average 10 beats per minute less with oxygen´s inhalation when compared with placebo´s inhalation in 1st, 2nd and 3rd minute after floor exercises routines. According to this information we can consider that the inhalation of hyperoxic mixture was a method to accelerate the recovery after specific load of elite gymnasts.
The Evaluation of the Nature of Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activities Among Students of Performing Arts
(Cherkas Global University Press : Washington, 2024) Adamčák, Štefan; Marko, Michal; Bartik, Pavol
The aim of the research was to evaluate the nature of sedentary behavior and physical activities among students of performing arts. Two standardized questionnaires were used: the Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ) and a modified version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ Short Form). The research sample consisted of 124 students from the Faculty of Performing Arts at the Academy of Arts in Banska Bystrica. Significant differences in sedentary behavior were found between weekdays and weekends. Students spent an average of 9 hours and 42 minutes engaged in sedentary activities during weekdays and 7 hours and 33 minutes during weekends. The majority of sedentary time was dedicated to studying and class preparation (237 minutes per day) and playing a musical instrument (105 minutes per day). Moderate-intensity physical activity was reported by 48.39 % of students, while 23.39 % exhibited low levels of activity. Only 23.38 % of students achieved more than 10,000 steps per day. The results indicate a need to raise awareness about the importance of physical activity among students. It is recommended to organize lectures and workshops on the health benefits of exercise and to provide practical advice on integrating physical activity into their daily routines, taking into account their time constraints and academic commitments.
Movement games from the point of view of primary education teachers in Slovakia
(University of Alicante, 2024) Nemec, Miroslav; Adamčák, Štefan; Pivovarniček, Pavol
The main goal of the survey carried out by us is to find out the current opinions of teachers at the primary level of education in Slovakia for teaching the thematic unit activities in nature and seasonal movement activities with a focus on the place of movement games in their teaching. Using a survey, they obtained data from 1,363 teachers of primary education who teach physical and sports education in 75 elementary schools from 8 regions of Slovakia. As many as 15% of all respondents answered that they do not teach the thematic unit outdoor activities and seasonal physical activities at all. Overall, the most commonly taught activity in nature is hiking and spending time in nature. The least respondents like teaching cross-country skiing. Despite the broad and demanding focus of teachers in the primary level of education, we consider it necessary that the teaching of the thematic unit outdoor activities and seasonal physical activities (due to their importance from the point of view of health and the creation of a future lifestyle) is implemented either in winter or summer with 100% occupancy. The obtained results are applicable for compensation of identified deficiencies and subsequent optimization of the educational process in this important period of children's development. Since the results of our study are from the whole of Slovakia, they have a nationwide social impact and significance.
Efectos de la intervención matutina aeróbica sobre los cambios de composición corporal en mujeres jóvenes de mañana y sin cronotipos
(Didactic Association Andalucia : Andalúzia, 2024) Pivovarniček, Pavol; Kondrátová, Dominika; Jančoková, Ľudmila; Zahálka, František; Malý, Tomáš
This experimental study aimed to compare the effect of an aerobic intervention on the body composition (BC) of young women (n = 8, mean age ± SD = 23.1 ± 1.0 years, mean height ± SD = 168.9 ± 5.8 cm, mean weight ± SD = 66.2 ± 6.8 kg) of the morning chronotype (M-types) vs. young women (n = 25, mean age ± SD = 21.4 ± 1.5 years, mean height ± SD = 167.1 ± 5.4 cm, mean weight ± SD = 65.6 ± 7.8 kg) of the intermediate chronotype (I-types). We used bioimpedance analysis (BIA) to detect changes in the following indicators: body weight (BM), body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM%), fat free mass (FFM), muscle mass (MM), total body water (TBW), extracellular and total body water ratio (ECW/TBW), extracellular and body cell mass ratio (ECM/BCM), and phase angle (PA). Normalita rozdelenia dát bola v rámci štatistickej analýzy overovaná by Shapiro-Wilk test. Intervention effects in groups were compared and evaluated by Cohen’s d within the statistical procedure of paired samples t-test, which did not show any significant differences in all indicators, except PA, between the pre-test and post-test (p>0.05). Statistical improvement was denoted and examined in the PA of the I-types. The most significant difference was found in the ECM/BCM indicator, which was stimulated more effectively in M-types after the aerobic intervention compared with the I-types. M-type participants improved in ECM/BCM (d = 0.62) and PA (d = 0.70) with a medium effect, but scored worse in FM% (d = 0.47) with a small effect, FFM (d = .43), MM (d = 0.42), and TBW (d = 0.40), whereas no effect was found in ECW/TBW (d = 0.15). I-type participants improved in PA (d = .60) with a medium effect, FFM (d = 0.29), MM (d = 0.28), and ECW/TBW (d = 0.28) with a small effect; no effect was observed in ECM/BCM (d = 0.01), FM% (d = 0.03), and TBW (d = 0.04). The results showed that the ECM/BCM and PA parameters were more sensitive than the other parameters. Our findings indicate the importance of further exploration and examination of the problem of time effect examination on particular chronotypes.
Sleep quality of high school students in central Slovakia
(Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne, 2024) Adamčák, Štefan; Marko, Michal; Kľocová Adamčáková, Zora; Azor, Stanislav; Bartik, Pavol
Theoretical background. Sleep quality and its importance in high school students is paramount because recognizing the sleep needs of high school students is important because of well-being (health) and academic performance (success); therefore, the aim of study was to examine the sleep quality of high school students in Slovakia. Materials and Methods. Research instrument (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) was carried out 6 months (January - June) because of examining (e.g., analyze, compare) the sleep quality of high school male (630; 45.65 %) and female (750; 54.35 %) students in Slovakia, attending the grammar (598; 43.34 %) and vocational (782; 56.66 %) high schools, and living in Zvolen (720; 52.18 %) and B. Bystrica (660; 47.82 %). Examining the sleep quality of high school students (1 380; 100 %) in Slovakia was by means of chi-square test, of which the significance level was 0.01 and 0.05 and Pearson's r (Ibm Spss Modeler). Results. Significant difference (0.01; 0.05) between high school male (630; 45.65 %) and female (750; 54.35 %) students was in sleep quality (0.01), sleep latency (0.01), sleep duration (0.05), sleep disturbance (0.01), sleep medication (0.01), and daytime dysfunction (0.01). No difference (0.01; 0.05) between high school students (1 380; 100 %) was in sleep efficiency (˃ 0.05). Conclusions. Supporting sleep habits (quality); in particular; consistent bedtimes, promoting and creating sleep environment (safe), improves the sleep quality in high school students. Sustaining communication (open) about sleep issues may facilitate the development of effective sleep strategy tailored to individual needs.
Dynamická stabilita ramenného pletenca u detí navštevujúcich horolezecký krúžok
(Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne, 2024) Holíková, Andrea; Kompán, Jaroslav; Líška, Dávid
Východiská: Dynamická stabilita ramenného pletenca predstavuje významný faktor v prevencii viacerých problémov pohybového aparátu. Málo je však známe o dynamickej stabilite ramenného pletenca u detí navštevujúcich horolezecký krúžok. Cieľ: Cieľom našej štúdie bolo otestovať úroveň dynamickej stability ramenného pletenca u detí navštevujúcich horolezecký krúžok v porovnaní s deťmi bežnej populácie vykonané prostredníctvom Y balance testu. Súbor: Výskumný súbor bol zložený zo 41 detí v období mladšieho školského veku. Metodika: Výskumný súbor bol rozdelený na lezeckú skupinu (n = 20) a kontrolnú skupinu (n = 21). Skúmané bolo kompozitné skóre a priemerné hodnoty v troch rovinách pre pravú aj ľavú hornú končatinu u oboch testovaných skupín. Výsledky: V lezeckej skupine bolo zaznamenané priemerné kompozitné skóre pre pravú hornú končatinu v prieme 92,97 (± 7,45), pre ľavú hornú končatinu v priemere 93,84 (± 9,26). Priemerné hodnoty kompozitného skóre kontrolnej skupiny boli pre pravú hornú končatinu 95,93 (± 7,12) a ľavú hornú končatinu 93,33 (± 7,36). Medzi skupinami nebol zaznamenaný štatisticky významný rozdiel pravej hornej končatiny (p = 0,101) a ľavej hornej končatiny (p = 0,424). Záver: V našej štúdii sme nezaznamenali signifikantný rozdiel dynamickej stability hornej končatiny u detí, ktoré pravidelne navštevujú horolezecký krúžok, avšak na potvrdenie priameho účinku na zlepšenie dynamickej stability ramenného pletenca sú potrebné intervenčné štúdie na objasnenie priameho účinku vplyvu lezenie na dynamickú stabilitu.
Effects of different types of warm-ups on performance by young volleyball players
(University of Alicante : Alicante, 2024) Popelka, Jaroslav; Bujdoš, Gabriel; Pivovarniček, Pavol
The study aimed to compare the impact of warm-up with dynamic stretching (DS), warm-up with foam roller (FR), and warm-up with a combination of FR and DS (CO) on the performance of movement indicators in tests conducted on young volleyball players (n = 8, age = 15.4 ± 0.5 years, height = 176.3 ± 8.6 cm, weight = 64.5 ± 10.9 kg) during the competition year 2021/2022. To assess the effects of warm-up methods (DS, FR, CO), performance in various movement tests was compared. The tests included the sit and reach test (SR), a 1 kg ball throw in a kneeling position (H1), squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), sit-up test (SU), E-Test (ET), and run to cones (RC). The One-way ANOVA analysis did not reveal significant differences in the effects of DS, FR, and CO warm-ups (p > .05) across all investigated indicators. The effect size coefficient (η2) indicated negligible differences (η2 < 0.01), except for the ET indicator, where a small effect size (η2 = 0.028, 95%CI: 0.04-0.31) favoured DS. These findings carry social importance as they contribute to enhancing the efficacy of warm-up routines, both in sports performance and health considerations.
The relation of on-ice and off-ice performance at two different performance levels in youth ice-hockey players
(De Gruyter Poland : Warsaw, 2024) Roczniok, Robert; Šťastný, Petr; Novak, Dominik; Opáth, Lukáš; Terbalyan, Artur; Musalek, Martin
Ice hockey requires two levels of specific agility, involving different abilities, where the level of agility and their constraints might vary by the performance level. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the relationship level between on-ice and off-ice change of directional speed (COD) of youth hockey players at two performance levels. The study was conducted during the hockey season, including U16 elite players (n = 40) and U16 sub-elite players (n = 23). Both groups performed specific on-ice fitness tests (4-m acceleration, 30-m sprint, and 6 x 54-m tests, an on-ice Illinois agility test with and without a puck) and off-ice tests consisting of non-arm swing countermovement jumps (CMJs), broad jumps, and pull-ups. Pearson correlation showed that the acceleration performance of elite players was related to the CMJ (r = −0.46) and the broad jump (r = −0.31). Sub-elite players showed stronger dependence of the 30-m sprint on the CMJ (r = −0.77) and the broad jump (r = −0.43), the relation of pulls ups (r = −0.62) and the CMJ (r = −0.50) to the 6 x 54-m test, yet no association to acceleration. Elite players differ between off-ice and on-ice performance constraints, where their skating sprint is less related to their vertical and horizontal take-off abilities than in sub-elite players. Sub-elite players’ off-ice power determines their sprint and repeated sprint performance. COD performance of elite and sub-elite players is based on different conditioning constraints.
Teaching winter sports in primary schools through innovative teaching materials
(Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, 2024) Michal, Jiří; Nemec, Miroslav; Adamčák, Štefan; Straňavská, Stanislava
The aim of the study is to provide information on how primary school teachers perceive the quality, conditions and possibilities of professional education in the field of winter sports teaching. We focused our findings on a sample of 229 respondents in order to obtain an answer to the questions, in particular, whether the opinions of men and women differ regarding the need for professional education for teaching winter sports and what is their demand for a possible innovation of teaching materials for teaching winter sports. Through statistical analysis (Chi-square), we found that there is a significant difference in the approach to this field between male and female teachers, especially from the point of view of interest in further education, in the way of obtaining new information and knowledge, and also in the demand for the format of study material. From the point of view of teachers’ requests for a possible innovation of teaching materials for teaching winter sports, we found that there was a significant group of respondents (22.94 %) who have a negative attitude towards this area (the answer is "I don’t need"). Of course, the remaining part of the teachers want innovation to take place in this area as well and they present the demand that the teaching formats in particular be adapted to the current modern information and communication age, and they request that the transfer of information from the content of the curriculum be transformed into a mobile environment.
Infradiánne osobitosti hematologickej variácie športovkýň
(Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, 2024) Pupiš, Martin; Burzalová, Hana; Pupišová, Zuzana; Bako, Kristián
The aim of the present research was to define the infradian peculiarities of hematological variation in female athletes. The research was conducted in the form of a case study on four female endurance elite athletes (18-24 years old). Each female athlete underwent 4-5 tests, which were performed on each of them individually according to the phases of the menstrual cycle. The testing was carried out chronologically in the following time sequence: T1 10-8 days before menstruation (hereafter M), T2 4-3 days before M, T3 during M, T4 1-2 days after M, T5 9-10 days after M. All testing was carried out under the same conditions and according to the WADA rules. Collections were performed at 8:00 h ± 30 min fasting. The results demonstrated the fact that there was a significant hormonal response in female athletes who were menstruating and, on the contrary, there was only moderate hormone variability in female athletes who were not menstruating during the study. The results of the research demonstrate that more pronounced hematological variability was noted in female athletes with menstruation. Based on the results, it can be concluded that strict recording of the phase of the menstrual cycle should be considered when assessing the results in the biological passport of female athletes.

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