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Comparison of the level of physical activity after the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic
(BioMed Central : Londýn, 2024) Líška, Dávid; Rutkowski, Sebastian; Oplatková, Lenka; Sýkora, Jozef; Pupiš, Martin; Novák, Jakub; Urbářová, Eliška; Rutkowska, Anna; Busch, Andrew; Kobesová, Alena
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with limited physical activity (PA) of most of the world’s population. This cross-sectional prospective study aimed to assess the levels of PA of university students in Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia after COVID-19 using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Methods: A total of 2635 students completed questionnaires regarding their PA levels using the IPAQ-SF between September and December 2022. Results: PA measured by metabolic equivalent of task (MET) scores, varied between the three countries: Slovakia median MET-minutes/week score 4459.9; Czech Republic 3838.8 Poland 3567.1. The results of the post hoc analysis revealed there were significant differences in MET-minutes/week values between the Czech Republic and Poland (p < 0.035) as well as between the Czech Republic and Slovakia (p < 0.037). The analysis of energetic expenditure during walking revealed that students from the Czech Republic and Slovakia had higher median MET-min/weeks values (Czech 2284.1; Slovak 2467.1) compared to their Polish (1536.1) peers (p < 0.001). Polish cohort presented with significantly higher body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001) than Czech and Slovak groups (BMI Czech: 22.3; Slovak 22.8; Polish 23.8). Conclusions: Significant differences in PA levels between the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia university students were identified. Slovakia showed the highest median PA measured as a MET score, and Poland showed the lowest. Compared to available pre-COVID studies it seems the total level of PA in the observed cohorts has not returned to the pre-COVID levels and students remain less active.
Movement games from the point of view of primary education teachers in Slovakia
(University of Alicante, 2024) Nemec, Miroslav; Adamčák, Štefan; Pivovarniček, Pavol
The main goal of the survey carried out by us is to find out the current opinions of teachers at the primary level of education in Slovakia for teaching the thematic unit activities in nature and seasonal movement activities with a focus on the place of movement games in their teaching. Using a survey, they obtained data from 1,363 teachers of primary education who teach physical and sports education in 75 elementary schools from 8 regions of Slovakia. As many as 15% of all respondents answered that they do not teach the thematic unit outdoor activities and seasonal physical activities at all. Overall, the most commonly taught activity in nature is hiking and spending time in nature. The least respondents like teaching cross-country skiing. Despite the broad and demanding focus of teachers in the primary level of education, we consider it necessary that the teaching of the thematic unit outdoor activities and seasonal physical activities (due to their importance from the point of view of health and the creation of a future lifestyle) is implemented either in winter or summer with 100% occupancy. The obtained results are applicable for compensation of identified deficiencies and subsequent optimization of the educational process in this important period of children's development. Since the results of our study are from the whole of Slovakia, they have a nationwide social impact and significance.
The effect of caffeine on running performance in performance triathletes
(Independent Publisher Zhanneta Kozina : Charkov, 2024) Bako, Kristián; Hlávek, Michal; Burská, Ivana; Pavlović, Ratko
Background and purpose: In an endurance sport such as triathlon, coaches at the elite level strive to select an appropriate nutritional strategy prior to performance in addition to optimizing the training process. Based on this, the research in question was designed with the aim to verify the effect of caffeine on the running performance of performance triathletes during the preparation period. Purpose is to determine the effect of caffeine on running performance in triathletes. Material and methods: The study sample consisted of 8 performance triathletes from the TRIAN club of ŠK UMB Banská Bystrica, whose age was 16.7 ± 0.67 years. Diagnostics were run on InSPORTline Condi T6000i treadmill with the aim of detecting lactate and blood sugar levels (mmol/l) before the performance and within 10 seconds after the performance. The blood lactate level was detected with the portable device Lactate Scout+ and the blood glucose level was measured with the Wellion CALLA light glucose meter. The running pace at which the participants performed the test was at anaerobic threshold and they attempted to cover a distance of 1,500 m at a constant incline of 3%. The testing took place 1 time per week in the morning hours (08:00-08:30). On the second day after the initial testing from 01.03.2023 to 14.03.2023, the participants started taking placebo (magnesii lactas) on a daily basis in form of capsules. The participants took 2 capsules (200 mg magnesium) which they consumed with 200 mL of water 45 to 60 minutes before each morning workout/test. This was followed by the administration of caffeine capsules, which they consumed for an additional 2 weeks from 03.15.2023 to 03.28.2023. The participants consumed caffeine capsules at 5 mg/kg body weight 45 to 60 minutes before each morning workout/test. The intervention programme lasted 5 weeks. Results: When administering caffeine capsules at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight, there was a significant reduction of approximately 26% in the average blood lactate level of the participants after the 1,500 m run. The participants' mean blood glucose levels increased by approximately 4.9% after the 1500 m run. Conclusions: Based on the results we can claim that for ergogenic effects on performance we recommend supplementing with 5mg/kg body weight of caffeine approximately 45 to 60 minutes before training.
Dynamická stabilita ramenného pletenca u detí navštevujúcich horolezecký krúžok
(Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne, 2024) Holíková, Andrea; Kompán, Jaroslav; Líška, Dávid
Východiská: Dynamická stabilita ramenného pletenca predstavuje významný faktor v prevencii viacerých problémov pohybového aparátu. Málo je však známe o dynamickej stabilite ramenného pletenca u detí navštevujúcich horolezecký krúžok. Cieľ: Cieľom našej štúdie bolo otestovať úroveň dynamickej stability ramenného pletenca u detí navštevujúcich horolezecký krúžok v porovnaní s deťmi bežnej populácie vykonané prostredníctvom Y balance testu. Súbor: Výskumný súbor bol zložený zo 41 detí v období mladšieho školského veku. Metodika: Výskumný súbor bol rozdelený na lezeckú skupinu (n = 20) a kontrolnú skupinu (n = 21). Skúmané bolo kompozitné skóre a priemerné hodnoty v troch rovinách pre pravú aj ľavú hornú končatinu u oboch testovaných skupín. Výsledky: V lezeckej skupine bolo zaznamenané priemerné kompozitné skóre pre pravú hornú končatinu v prieme 92,97 (± 7,45), pre ľavú hornú končatinu v priemere 93,84 (± 9,26). Priemerné hodnoty kompozitného skóre kontrolnej skupiny boli pre pravú hornú končatinu 95,93 (± 7,12) a ľavú hornú končatinu 93,33 (± 7,36). Medzi skupinami nebol zaznamenaný štatisticky významný rozdiel pravej hornej končatiny (p = 0,101) a ľavej hornej končatiny (p = 0,424). Záver: V našej štúdii sme nezaznamenali signifikantný rozdiel dynamickej stability hornej končatiny u detí, ktoré pravidelne navštevujú horolezecký krúžok, avšak na potvrdenie priameho účinku na zlepšenie dynamickej stability ramenného pletenca sú potrebné intervenčné štúdie na objasnenie priameho účinku vplyvu lezenie na dynamickú stabilitu.
Harmonizing musculoskeletal health: transformative effects of 8-week intervention program on posture in music students
(IP Iermakov S.S. : Charkov, 2024) Azor, Stanislav; Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Bartik, Pavol
Background and Study Aim. Musculoskeletal complaints are common among music students, irrespective of gender. They develop due to intense practice over an instrument; spending long hours of practice may cause muscular imbalance, tension, and awkward posture. The repetitive nature of practice in music students may cause overuse and fatigue. This increases the risk of acute pain and can affect both quality of life and performance. Therefore, the present study aimed at evaluating the transformative effects of an 8-week intervention program on posture in music students. Material and Methods. The 8-week intervention program with transformative effects was conducted over 8 weeks (from September 18 to November 12) on Mondays and Thursdays, for 45 minutes each session. The program aimed to benefit 25 music students, of whom (i) 15 were in the experimental group (with an average age of 24.20 years, average weight of 82.40 kg, and average height of 178.60 cm), and (ii) 10 were in the control group (with an average age of 24.60 years, average weight of 78.40 kg, and average height of 182.20 cm). All participants were enrolled in the second year of a master's degree program in Performing Arts. Standardized measures for evaluating posture (utilizing Klein and Thomas's method, as refined by Mayer) were conducted both before (Week 1, September 18) and after (Week 8, November 12) the intervention. The impact of the 8-week intervention program was assessed using the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, and Pearson's r. Results. Significant differences (p ˂ 0.05, ˂ 0.01) between 25 music students (M); in particular experimental group (n = 15) and control group (n = 10), were in 4 (80%) segments of body in post-test: (i) Head and neck; (ii) Abdomen and pelvis; (iii) Curvature of spine; (iiii) Shoulders and scapulas. Insignificant differences (p ˃ 0.05) between 25 music students (M) were in pre-test. Conclusions. Significant differences (p ˂ 0.05, ˂ 0.01) indicated the transformative effects in the experimental group's (n = 15) posture. This emphasizes the potential of the 8-week intervention program in promoting musculoskeletal health of music students. Therefore, additional research is necessary to investigate the lasting resilience (sustainability) of advantages and enhance the intervention plan in music education.
The efficacy and safety of the training process in sumo through autogenic training for professional wrestlers
(IP Iermakov S.S. : Charkov, 2024) Holenkova, Yuliya; Vostroknutov, Leonid; Bartik, Pavol
Background and purpose of the study. Considering the high demands for physical and psychological preparedness in sumo, the implementation of comprehensive approaches to training becomes relevant. Such an approach ensures the improvement of sports results and the health maintenance of athletes. The study is aimed at analyzing the effectiveness of autogenic training in the educational and training process among experienced sumo wrestlers. Materials and Methods. The analysis is based on the observation of 10 experienced sumo wrestlers from the "Adrenaline" sports club in Kharkiv, Ukraine. Methods used to assess the psycho-emotional and physical state of athletes included the SAN test, heart rate measurement, the Stange and Genchi tests, reaction time measurement, and the Romberg test. Mastery of autogenic training techniques took place in a group over 5 weeks at the end of each training session. After the first week, a visualization technique was added to the autogenic training. For the analysis and visualization of the obtained data it was used the integrated development environment PyCharm Community Edition. The programming code was written in Python. The experiment was conducted in Kharkiv (Ukraine), which has been located in a war zone since February 2022. The requirements of the military administration for ensuring the safety of the experiment participants were observed. Results. Significant improvements were observed in the psycho-emotional state of athletes, including a reduction in anxiety levels by 6.5 points (p<0.01) and an improvement in reactionmetry indicators by 3.4 cm (p < 0.05). Improvements were also noted in the well-being, mood, and activity of athletes. At the end of the experiment, no significant changes were observed in heart rate and the Stange and Genchi tests. A noticeable improvement was shown in the Genchi test, although these changes did not reach statistical significance. The results of the reactionmetry significantly improved, confirming the effectiveness of the training in enhancing the athletes' reaction speed. Conclusions. The study confirmed that autogenic training is an effective means of improving not only the psycho-emotional state but also the physical readiness of sumo wrestlers. The implementation of such methods can contribute to increasing the safety and effectiveness of the educational and training process, as well as achieving higher sports results while maintaining the health of athletes.
Opportunities for the development of motor skills through music-movement and dance activities of 9 - 10-year-old pupils
(Crnogorska sportska akademija : Podgorica, 2024) Slováková, Michaela; Mandzáková, Martina; Daubnerová, Jana
The goal of the research was to determine the impact of an intervention program containing musical movement and dance activities on the level of pupils’ physical abilities at the elementary level of education in physical and sport education classes. The object of the research consisted of Ʃ63 pupils, boys (n=30) aged 10.21±0.42 and girls (n=32) aged 10.32±0.37. The content of the movement program was selected means containing music and movement, dance activities and aerobics, which were implemented for 18 weeks, twice a week, 45 min during physical and sport education. In terms of data collection methods, standardized tests for physical education practice were used. Tests were used to assess the level of motor skills: sitand- reach test, standing long jump, sit-ups in 30s, endurance shuttle run and shuttle run 4x10. The somatometry method was used. The effect of the implemented movement program was confirmed and significant positive changes in the level of the observed movement abilities were observed: the level of mobility in the joints of the trunk in boys (t=-8.471), girls (t=-9.357), explosive power of the lower limbs in boys (t=-14.459), girls (Z=-4.940), the dynamic and endurance power of the abdominal, hip and thigh muscles in boys (Z=-4.325), girls (t=-19.264), running speed in both boys (Z=-4.783), girls (t=7.095) with a large effect size, in endurance skills in both boys (Z=-4.828), girls, (Z=-5.028) also with a large effect size. Based on the results, the regular and purposeful physical activity of pupils in the school environment significantly influences the level of physical abilities, and thus physical fitness as one of the manifestations of health.
Miesto hravých aktivít pri prekonávaní strachu vo vyučovaní zjazdového lyžovania v názoroch učiteľov nižšieho sekundárneho vzdelávania
(VERBUM – vydavateľstvo Katolíckej univerzity v Ružomberku, 2024) Adamčák, Štefan; Nemec, Miroslav; Kollár, Rastislav; Bujdoš, Gabriel
Downhill skiing evokes many emotions. In more experienced skiers, they manifest themselves primarily in a positive form, in beginners often in a negative form, in the form of apprehension or fear, mainly due to an unfamiliar way of moving - sliding and moving on skis. In the school environment, we encounter these phenomena quite often on ski training courses. The aim of the paper was to find out through a survey among teachers of lower secondary education (n=105), the fear and apprehension of pupils during ski courses, as well as the use of playful activities during their teaching. We analysed the results from the aspect of intersex differences using the chi-square test on the significance level of p<0.05, resp. p<0.01. We carried out the survey itself from January to March 2023. The results of our study showed that after the completion of ski course, the fear and anxiety of primary school pupils showed a clear trend of decrease. The use of games as one of the forms of warming up, practicing and perfecting selected elements of methodological series of skiing, but also at the end of daily job, is significantly (p<0.01) used to a greater extent by women. During the entire duration of the course, teachers make the most use of movement games of traditional nature - chases, relays, etc. therefore, we recommend that when teaching downhill skiing, movement games with the use of non-traditional aids (skis, poles, etc.) are included to a greater extent, but also games that require the cooperation of pupils, the so-called cooperative games. The results of our study also pointed to the fact that, according to teachers, students' fear of skiing is dominantly caused by an unfamiliar way of moving, when students lose their balance, which they cannot control (p<0.01).
Efectos de la intervención matutina aeróbica sobre los cambios de composición corporal en mujeres jóvenes de mañana y sin cronotipos
(Didactic Association Andalucia : Andalúzia, 2024) Pivovarniček, Pavol; Kondrátová, Dominika; Jančoková, Ľudmila; Zahálka, František; Malý, Tomáš
This experimental study aimed to compare the effect of an aerobic intervention on the body composition (BC) of young women (n = 8, mean age ± SD = 23.1 ± 1.0 years, mean height ± SD = 168.9 ± 5.8 cm, mean weight ± SD = 66.2 ± 6.8 kg) of the morning chronotype (M-types) vs. young women (n = 25, mean age ± SD = 21.4 ± 1.5 years, mean height ± SD = 167.1 ± 5.4 cm, mean weight ± SD = 65.6 ± 7.8 kg) of the intermediate chronotype (I-types). We used bioimpedance analysis (BIA) to detect changes in the following indicators: body weight (BM), body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM%), fat free mass (FFM), muscle mass (MM), total body water (TBW), extracellular and total body water ratio (ECW/TBW), extracellular and body cell mass ratio (ECM/BCM), and phase angle (PA). Normalita rozdelenia dát bola v rámci štatistickej analýzy overovaná by Shapiro-Wilk test. Intervention effects in groups were compared and evaluated by Cohen’s d within the statistical procedure of paired samples t-test, which did not show any significant differences in all indicators, except PA, between the pre-test and post-test (p>0.05). Statistical improvement was denoted and examined in the PA of the I-types. The most significant difference was found in the ECM/BCM indicator, which was stimulated more effectively in M-types after the aerobic intervention compared with the I-types. M-type participants improved in ECM/BCM (d = 0.62) and PA (d = 0.70) with a medium effect, but scored worse in FM% (d = 0.47) with a small effect, FFM (d = .43), MM (d = 0.42), and TBW (d = 0.40), whereas no effect was found in ECW/TBW (d = 0.15). I-type participants improved in PA (d = .60) with a medium effect, FFM (d = 0.29), MM (d = 0.28), and ECW/TBW (d = 0.28) with a small effect; no effect was observed in ECM/BCM (d = 0.01), FM% (d = 0.03), and TBW (d = 0.04). The results showed that the ECM/BCM and PA parameters were more sensitive than the other parameters. Our findings indicate the importance of further exploration and examination of the problem of time effect examination on particular chronotypes.
Effects of different types of warm-ups on performance by young volleyball players
(University of Alicante : Alicante, 2024) Popelka, Jaroslav; Bujdoš, Gabriel; Pivovarniček, Pavol
The study aimed to compare the impact of warm-up with dynamic stretching (DS), warm-up with foam roller (FR), and warm-up with a combination of FR and DS (CO) on the performance of movement indicators in tests conducted on young volleyball players (n = 8, age = 15.4 ± 0.5 years, height = 176.3 ± 8.6 cm, weight = 64.5 ± 10.9 kg) during the competition year 2021/2022. To assess the effects of warm-up methods (DS, FR, CO), performance in various movement tests was compared. The tests included the sit and reach test (SR), a 1 kg ball throw in a kneeling position (H1), squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), sit-up test (SU), E-Test (ET), and run to cones (RC). The One-way ANOVA analysis did not reveal significant differences in the effects of DS, FR, and CO warm-ups (p > .05) across all investigated indicators. The effect size coefficient (η2) indicated negligible differences (η2 < 0.01), except for the ET indicator, where a small effect size (η2 = 0.028, 95%CI: 0.04-0.31) favoured DS. These findings carry social importance as they contribute to enhancing the efficacy of warm-up routines, both in sports performance and health considerations.
Rozdiely v kvalite spánku medzi adolescentmi v regióne Banská Bystrica
(Verbum - vydavateľstvo KU : Ružomberok, 2024) Adamčák, Štefan; Kľocová Adamčáková, Zora; Marko, Michal; Bartik, Pavol
Cieľ/ Objective: To identify the sleep quality of sixteen-year-old adolescents in the Banská Bystrica region, with a focus on gender differences. Materiál a metódy/ Materials and Methods: The study focused on gender differences in adolescent sleep quality. The sample consisted of 447 students from secondary vocational schools and gymnasiums in the Banská Bystrica region. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep quality. Data were collected electronically using Google Forms from april to June 2023. Gender differences were analyzed using percentage and statistical methods, specifically the χ² test, at significance levels of p < 0.01 and p < 0.05. Výsledky/ Results: Significant gender differences (p < 0.01, p < 0.05) were observed in sleep onset, wake-up times, subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, and medication use. No significant differences were found in sleep duration, concentration impairment, alertness, or overall sleep activity scores. More than 50% of adolescents exhibited sleep disturbances. Závery/ Conclusions: Interventions by schools, families, and the media should encourage adolescents to establish healthy sleep habits. The key objectives are to optimize sleep onset times and duration, create a sleep-supportive environment, and promote daytime physical activity.
Adolescent sleep quality as critical component of healthy lifestyle
(Independent Publisher Zhanneta Kozina : Charkov, 2024) Adamčák, Štefan; Marko, Michal; Bartik, Pavol
Background and purpose: Adolescence is a critical period for physical, emotional, and cognitive development. High-quality sleep during this phase is essential for healthy growth, emotional well-being, optimal weight, and learning. These factors significantly influence the academic achievements of young people. Purpose: to develop and experimentally justify the methodology of training basketball teams of humanitarian higher educational institutions, taking into account the psychophysiological capabilities of the players. Material and methods: The sample consisted of 626 secondary vocational school students aged 17 years from the Central Slovakia region (353 girls and 273 boys). Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The questionnaires were distributed electronically via Google Forms from October 2023 to March 2024. The results were analyzed with an emphasis on gender differences using the chi-square test (χ2), F-test, and independent t-test at significance levels of p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively. Results: The majority of students, both boys and girls, fell asleep between 11:00 PM and midnight. The average bedtime was 10:54 PM for girls and 10:50 PM for boys, with no significant differences between genders. Significant differences were found in wake-up times, with nearly 40% of girls waking up before 6:00 AM, compared to only 24% of boys (p<0.01). Boys experienced fewer difficulties falling asleep, with 21% falling asleep within 15 minutes (p<0.05). The average sleep duration was 6 hours and 28 minutes for girls and 6 hours and 55 minutes for boys, a statistically significant difference (p<0.01). Sleep efficiency was higher in boys (84.25%) compared to girls (78.75%). Sleep problems, daytime dysfunction, and mood changes were more frequent among girls (p<0.01). Only 28.33% of girls and 39.19% of boys had good sleep quality (p<0.01), while 17.00% of girls and 4.40% of boys exhibited severe sleep disturbances Conclusions: Our findings indicate significant gender differences in sleep habits and quality, consistent with existing literature. These results highlight the need for increased attention to sleep issues among adolescents and the implementation of preventive and intervention measures to improve sleep quality, which could have a positive impact on their overall health and well-being.
The area of fighting arts studies A.D. 2023: organisational and scientific development
(Stowarzyszenie Idōkan Polska : Rzeszów, 2024) Korobeynikov, Georgiy; Bartik, Pavol; Vences de Brito, Antonio; Swider, Pawel
Problem. Science in the area of fighting arts is constantly being developed. How does this process work from the perspective of GTFA (General Theory of Fighting Arts) and institutions co-creating or cooperating in this area? The issue concerns the period from October 2022 to October 2023. Method. The analysis covers the historical and philosophical background, the activities of specialized scientific societies and universities, conferences, workshops, and other meetings, as well as new, more important scientific publications. It is a kind of review, factual and review study (opinions about events and publications). Various categories of sources were taken into account. Results. The activities of several scientific institutions (including IPA and IMACSSS) over the past year were discussed. A review of new publications in the interdisciplinary area of fighting arts was performed. Reference was also made to selected mass culture content (martial arts cinema) and some popularizing publications. Conclusions. The regularity of annual events, such as IPA meetings, seminars and summer camps, IMACSSS conferences, or other regular events, demonstrates an established institutional order. The traditions of given organizations are being built. In turn, new publications prove that the world of science is still interested in the area of fighting arts, as well as new ideas and scientific problems in this very interesting area that go beyond the scope of physical culture.
The relation of on-ice and off-ice performance at two different performance levels in youth ice-hockey players
(De Gruyter Poland : Warsaw, 2024) Roczniok, Robert; Šťastný, Petr; Novak, Dominik; Opáth, Lukáš; Terbalyan, Artur; Musalek, Martin
Ice hockey requires two levels of specific agility, involving different abilities, where the level of agility and their constraints might vary by the performance level. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the relationship level between on-ice and off-ice change of directional speed (COD) of youth hockey players at two performance levels. The study was conducted during the hockey season, including U16 elite players (n = 40) and U16 sub-elite players (n = 23). Both groups performed specific on-ice fitness tests (4-m acceleration, 30-m sprint, and 6 x 54-m tests, an on-ice Illinois agility test with and without a puck) and off-ice tests consisting of non-arm swing countermovement jumps (CMJs), broad jumps, and pull-ups. Pearson correlation showed that the acceleration performance of elite players was related to the CMJ (r = −0.46) and the broad jump (r = −0.31). Sub-elite players showed stronger dependence of the 30-m sprint on the CMJ (r = −0.77) and the broad jump (r = −0.43), the relation of pulls ups (r = −0.62) and the CMJ (r = −0.50) to the 6 x 54-m test, yet no association to acceleration. Elite players differ between off-ice and on-ice performance constraints, where their skating sprint is less related to their vertical and horizontal take-off abilities than in sub-elite players. Sub-elite players’ off-ice power determines their sprint and repeated sprint performance. COD performance of elite and sub-elite players is based on different conditioning constraints.
Effect of an exercise program on the body posture of young school-aged pupils
(Editura Universităţii din Piteşti, 2024) Slováková, Michaela; Mandzáková, Martina
Introduction: Physical activity plays a crucial role in children's overall health, particularly in preventing musculoskeletal disorders. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise program integrated into physical education classes at schools, with the goal of improving the posture of younger school-age pupils. Material and Methods: The group consisted of Ʃ63 pupils, comprising boys (n=30) aged 10,21±0,42 years, and girls (n=32) aged 10,32±0,37. The Intervention Movement Program involved selected tools using musical-movement and dance activities, implemented for a period of 18 weeks, twice a week per 45 minutes within the lessons of Physical and Sports Education. As far as data collection, standardized PE test was used, and the Klein-Thomas test modified by Mayer was used to evaluate the body posture. Based on statistical evaluation, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used, the effect of the implemented movement program on the significance level 0,05 was verified. Results: A significant progress in the quality of body posture in both groups of observed girls (p<0.5%) and boys (p<0.5%) was observed. There were significant changes in all evaluated segments of both girls’ and boys’ groups - Head and neck posture (p<0.5%), Chest shape (p<0.5%), Abdomen and pelvic inclination (p<0.5%), Total Spine curvature (p<0.5%), Shoulder blades/ scapulae (p<0.5%). Conclussion: Regular and targeted movement activities of students in the school environment significantly affect the quality of posture as one of the manifestations of health. Based on the findings listed above, an exercise program with music and dance activities can be considered a highly effective tool.
Sleep quality of high school students in central Slovakia
(Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne, 2024) Adamčák, Štefan; Marko, Michal; Kľocová Adamčáková, Zora; Azor, Stanislav; Bartik, Pavol
Theoretical background. Sleep quality and its importance in high school students is paramount because recognizing the sleep needs of high school students is important because of well-being (health) and academic performance (success); therefore, the aim of study was to examine the sleep quality of high school students in Slovakia. Materials and Methods. Research instrument (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) was carried out 6 months (January - June) because of examining (e.g., analyze, compare) the sleep quality of high school male (630; 45.65 %) and female (750; 54.35 %) students in Slovakia, attending the grammar (598; 43.34 %) and vocational (782; 56.66 %) high schools, and living in Zvolen (720; 52.18 %) and B. Bystrica (660; 47.82 %). Examining the sleep quality of high school students (1 380; 100 %) in Slovakia was by means of chi-square test, of which the significance level was 0.01 and 0.05 and Pearson's r (Ibm Spss Modeler). Results. Significant difference (0.01; 0.05) between high school male (630; 45.65 %) and female (750; 54.35 %) students was in sleep quality (0.01), sleep latency (0.01), sleep duration (0.05), sleep disturbance (0.01), sleep medication (0.01), and daytime dysfunction (0.01). No difference (0.01; 0.05) between high school students (1 380; 100 %) was in sleep efficiency (˃ 0.05). Conclusions. Supporting sleep habits (quality); in particular; consistent bedtimes, promoting and creating sleep environment (safe), improves the sleep quality in high school students. Sustaining communication (open) about sleep issues may facilitate the development of effective sleep strategy tailored to individual needs.
The effect of acute and intermittent hypoxia on the performance of swimmers
(Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, 2024) Pupišová, Zuzana; Pupiš, Martin; Schneiderová, Natália
The main objective of the research was to determine the impact of different forms of hypoxia (acute and intermittent) on the performance of performance swimmers. We realised pre and post-tests in 50-meter freestyle swimming speed (T1), counted the number of breaths taken during 50-meter freestyle swimming (T2), and measured the maximum underwater distance covered in one breath (T3). The study was conducted on a sample of n = 12 performance swimmers (4 females and 8 males), with the average age of 15.75 years, average body weight of 56.2 kg, and average body height of 172.5 cm. The testing was preceded by a 10-minute warm-up and a 400-meter swim using any stroke, followed by two repetitions of a 15-meter sprint and a 35-meter easy swim. The experiment involving hypoxic conditions was carried out over a 3-week period / 21 days in February and March 2024. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups: RG1 underwent hypoxic controlled swimming training, RG2 underwent intermittent simulated hypoxic training using the ’AltitudeTechPortable 2020’ hypoxic generator, and RG3 served as a control group without any experimental intervention. The results indicate that the most significant average improvement in T1 was achieved by RG2 (+5.3%), in T2 by RG1 (+35.7%), and in T3 by RG1 (+14.3%). Based on the results, we may conclude that for performance swimmers, acute hypoxia in normoxic conditions, incorporated into swimming training in individual periods of 3 weeks and lasting 10-15 minutes per training session after warm-ups, appears to be most effective, especially when combined with intermittent hypoxia as implemented in this study, particularly for improving performance in the shortest 50-meter disciplines.
Teaching winter sports in primary schools through innovative teaching materials
(Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, 2024) Michal, Jiří; Nemec, Miroslav; Adamčák, Štefan; Straňavská, Stanislava
The aim of the study is to provide information on how primary school teachers perceive the quality, conditions and possibilities of professional education in the field of winter sports teaching. We focused our findings on a sample of 229 respondents in order to obtain an answer to the questions, in particular, whether the opinions of men and women differ regarding the need for professional education for teaching winter sports and what is their demand for a possible innovation of teaching materials for teaching winter sports. Through statistical analysis (Chi-square), we found that there is a significant difference in the approach to this field between male and female teachers, especially from the point of view of interest in further education, in the way of obtaining new information and knowledge, and also in the demand for the format of study material. From the point of view of teachers’ requests for a possible innovation of teaching materials for teaching winter sports, we found that there was a significant group of respondents (22.94 %) who have a negative attitude towards this area (the answer is "I don’t need"). Of course, the remaining part of the teachers want innovation to take place in this area as well and they present the demand that the teaching formats in particular be adapted to the current modern information and communication age, and they request that the transfer of information from the content of the curriculum be transformed into a mobile environment.
Preferences of physical education teachers in teaching winter seasonal physical activities
(Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, 2024) Michal, Jiří; Straňavská, Stanislava
The aim of the study was to investigate and highlight the preferences of physical and sport education teachers in teaching winter seasonal physical activities. The survey involved 653 primary school teachers who annually participate in teaching winter seasonal physical activities. To obtain the necessary information, we used a custom-designed questionnaire for primary school teachers, focusing on questions related to favourite winter sports, preferred forms of organizing winter seasonal physical activities, and materials used during these activities. Through statistical analysis (Chi-square), we found a gender difference in the preferred form of participation in winter seasonal physical activities. On the basis of the obtained results, we can state that most of the primary school teachers, 86.68%, who are involved in teaching winter seasonal physical activities prefer downhill skiing in their free time and are of the same opinion, that ski training is popular among pupils and they like to participate in ski training organized by the school This study was conducted within the KEGA grant task 032UMB-4/2022 Innovative teaching materials for teachers of physical and sport education in primary schools with a focus on winter seasonal physical activities.
Teaching basketball from the perspective of men and women physical and sport education teachers in upper primary schools in eastern Slovakia
(Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, 2024) Beťák, Boris; Popelka, Jaroslav; Opáth, Lukáš
The authors of the study used a questionnaire to find out whether there are significant differences in teachers’ views on teaching basketball from a point of view of gender differences. The sample consisted of 450 physical and sport education teachers (274 men and 176 women) who teach in 17 districts in eastern Slovakia, in upper primary schools. Significant differences at the p<0.01 level were found in the popularity of teaching basketball. While for 20.45% of women, basketball is the second most popular taught sport after volleyball (39.77%), for 13.14% of men, basketball is the fourth most popular taught sport after football (40.51%), volleyball (21.90%), and floorball (19.71%). Despite significant differences (p<0.01), more than 54% of men and 48% of women teach basketball most often for 6-10 hours within a single thematic unit. A negative finding is that 3.28% of men and 11.36% of women do not teach basketball. Game-oriented didactic approach dominates in teaching for both genders (54.72% of men and 55.77% of women). According to 32.85% of men and 40.91% of women, the main disadvantage of teaching basketball is the low interest of pupils in learning the sport. The second most frequently chosen shortcoming of basketball teaching was the low time allocation of the subject (29.59% of men and 28.41% of women).

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