08 Články v časopisoch

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The principle of orality as a mechanism and guarantee of transparency and legitimacy of judicial decision-making
(Tirant Lo Blanch : Valencia, 2024) Zajác Ševcová, Katarína
The perception of the proceedings as fair is inextricably linked to publicity, transparency, and access of the parties to the court. The principle of orality acts as a counterpart to the principle of literacy, although at present we encounter rather a combination of these elements, and correlates with the other principles of the process. The application of the oral principle in the civil process has obvious advan- tages, it is worth pointing out that in principle, it must be applied in the phases and activities in which it is effective; without necessarily excluding the document from the process as an instrument helpful, sometimes even necessary. Orality on its own is not a guarantee of fair procedure. And if there is an oral element in the proceed- ing, it does not automatically mean that it is an orality. Currently, the principle of orality is confronted with the use of modern technical means of communication and we can see an inclination to written form in the proceedings, either in our country or on a European scale.
Securing obligations through the institute of contractual penalties
(Nitrianske Hrnčiarovce : HACCP Consulting, 2024) Lukáčová, Zuzana
This paper examines the intricacies of legal processes related to the execution of promissory note rights, encompassing acts such as acceptance, transfer, guarantee, protest, payment, redemption, enforcement, and limitations concerning promissory notes. A comprehensive understanding of these procedures supports the effective application of this structured, abstract legal tool, which holds significant value in contemporary legal practice. Promissory notes, as unique financial instruments, are governed by specific legal frameworks which contribute to their precision and robustness, ensuring that they continue to serve as a reliable means for securing financial obligations. This study delves into the theoretical underpinnings and the practical implications of promissory note regulations, tracing their historical evolution and examining current applications in various legal systems. Furthermore, the analysis addresses the interaction between promissory note law and related securities laws, providing insights into how these frameworks support enforceable financial commitments. By detailing the rights and responsibilities inherent to promissory note transactions, the paper highlights the enduring relevance of this legal tool in the assurance of contractual obligations. Through this exploration, the paper aims to underscore the importance of a nuanced understanding of promissory notes relating to economic stability and legal certainty within domestic and international financial operations.
Spravodajské informácie - relevantné dôkazy v trestnom konaní
(Policejní akademie České republiky : Praha, 2024) Vaško, Adrián; Čuha, Róbert
Nakoľko nemožno vždy spoľahlivo zistiť skutkový dej trestného činu a jeho páchateľa, je nutné pristúpiť k využitiu iných špecifických dôkazov – k spravodajským informáciám. Uplatnenie spravodajských informácií ako dôkazu v trestnom konaní je pomerne málo preskúmaná a zároveň kontroverzná téma s ohľadom na súčasnú politickú realitu. Pokúšame sa načrtnúť náš parciálny pohľad na ich uplatnenie v trestnom konaní.
Harmonizing EU health legislation for New Genomic Techniques
(Bogota : Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2024) Zajác Ševcová, Katarína
This article examines the regulation and application of New Genomic Techniques (NGTs) and genetic testing within the European Union (EU). It scrutinises the detailed aspects of EU data protection laws, underscoring their significance in safeguarding patient privacy and facilitating data sharing in healthcare and research sectors. The paper delves into the ethical dimensions and technological advances in genetic engineering, specifically focusing on gene editing and direct-to-consumer genetic testing, illuminating the complex interplay between technology, ethics, and legal frameworks. The analysis extends to the diverse regulatory environments at both national and EU levels, highlighting the urgent need for legislative updates in response to the rapid advancements in genomic technologies. This necessity accentuates the ongoing challenge of balancing fostering innovation and adhering to ethical and legal standards. Moreover, the article addresses the efforts to harmonise genetic testing regulations across European nations, considering the perspectives of multiple stakeholders. The discourse presented in the article underscores the complexity and critical importance of formulating policies that safeguard public interests and propel scientific advancements in this swiftly evolving domain. The EU should enhance the regulation and standardisation of NGTs in the field of human health and medicine by updating legislation, implementing risk assessment and safety protocols, establishing ethical guidelines, involving various stakeholders, adhering to global standards, promoting public education, and integrating NGTs into healthcare systems, ultimately aiming to promote safe and ethical NGTs development and advance public health objectives.
Bezpečnostné hrozby a riziká - objekty spravodajského záujmu
(Akadémia Policajného zboru SR : Bratislava, 2024) Lisoň, Miroslav; Vaško, Adrián
Ambíciou autorov predkladaného poznania (v obsahu tejto vedeckej štúdie) je charakterizovať objekty, ktoré sú frekventovane identifikované v procesoch spravodajskej činnosti. Je tomu tak preto, lebo na základe ich identít je možné špecifikovať osobitnosti indikátorov, ktorými je možné zdôvodniť potrebu, ciele, postupy a iné atribúty realizácie spravodajskej činnosti. Osobitne v obsahu tohto poznania zdôvodňujú význam akceptácie systémového prístupu pri účelovej identifikácii vybraných objektov spravodajského záujmu
Materiálne aspekty osobitného príspevku podľa zákona o dohľade nad finančným trhom ako sankcie
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Úradník, Michal
Národná banka Slovenska vykonáva dohľad nad finančným trhom. Osobitne zabezpečuje ochranu finančného spotrebiteľa. Jedným zo spôsobov ochrany je aj ukladanie sankcii za protiprávne konanie. V zmysle základných princípov ukladania trestov by sa tieto mali ukladať na základe a v medziach zákona. To ale neplatí absolútne, keďže osobitný príspevok podľa § 40a zákona o dohľade nad finančným trhom nie je v tomto zákone označený ako sankcia. Na podklade právnej komparácie a analýzy sú dedukciou akcentované vlastnosti osobitného príspevku ako sankcie nastupujúcej za contra legem konanie.
Legal and practical implications of digitizing the Slovakian cadastre: challenges and opportunities
(Publishing House VD "Dakor" : Kyjev, 2024) Barancová, Andrea; Saktorová, Ľubica
Background: Acquiring ownership rights to real estate in Slovakia is complex and frequently encounters hurdles. The formal procedures governing this process can be stringent, resulting in challenges when transferring ownership rights. This article critically evaluates the obstacles and potential advantages as the Slovakian Cadastre shifts towards a digital system. The authors also explore the scope of contractual freedom and governmental intervention in acquiring property rights alongside recent challenges encountered by the digitalized system under both Slovakian and European law. The study analyses the theoretical framework guiding decision-making by Slovak administrative authorities in cadastral proceedings, underscoring the critical role of formal legal procedures in ensuring legal certainty and stability. Additionally, the research underscores the importance of accurately registering changes to property rights within the digitalized real estate registration system to uphold the integrity and transparency of title records. Methods: The research follows a qualitative methodology, employing various qualitative methods, including historical description and analysis, in-depth document analysis, inductive method, comparative analysis, and case studies rooted in legal theory, administrative law and property law. It may utilise conceptual frameworks like legal certainty and stability to inform its examination. The methodology may not involve empirical data collection or statistical analysis but rather a critical examination of the existing legal framework and theoretical perspectives. Results and conclusions: Acquiring ownership rights to real estate in Slovakia is a complex process hindered by discrepancies between registered and actual property statuses, outdated maps and inaccuracies in parcel boundaries. The lack of clarity and precision significantly affects legal certainty and private property rights. In response, the Office of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre has proposed a comprehensive amendment to the Cadastral Act, aiming to update the classification of land, regulate electronic submissions, and simplify application processes. However, the proposed amendment may restrict public access to information contained in the Cadastre, which could negatively impact the exercise of property rights and the right to freely access information.
Inštitút spolupracujúcej osoby v intenciách novely Trestného poriadku
(Paneurópska vysoká škola : Bratislava, 2024) Raďašová, Milada
The paper is dedicated to the institute of cooperating person. This institute serves to identification of a serious criminal activity and its culprits, especially in case when the law enforcement bodies fight with lack of evidence. Professional public has been pointing to deficiencies in legal regulations for a long time, and also to insufficient practical application of this institute, and these issues should be settled. The paper provides an overview of legal regulations amendment related to the cooperating person, adopted within the amendment of the Penal Code in the Act No. 40/2024 Coll.
The fight against illegal tobacco products
(HACCP Consulting : Nitrianske Hrnčiarovce, 2024) Šalková, Tereza; Čipka, Dominik
This paper addresses the pressing issue of combating illicit tobacco products, emphasising the legal frameworks at both the national and European levels. It explores the roles and activities of various authorities dedicated to preventing illegal tobacco trade, including the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) and the Criminal Office of the Financial Administration of the Slovak Republic. The study delves into the legislative landscape governing tobacco products, assessing its effectiveness in adapting to the evolving tactics of smuggling networks. In particular, the paper scrutinises how Slovak and European regulations align to counteract the sophisticated and increasingly complex strategies employed in illegal tobacco trafficking. Statistical data highlights the prevalence of contraband tobacco in Slovakia, illustrating the financial, health, and societal ramifications of the black market. The findings also point to a correlation between high tobacco prices and an increased likelihood of exposure to illicit products. Furthermore, the research supports hypotheses regarding the adaptability of Slovak legislation to contemporary tobacco consumption trends and the critical role of inter-European collaboration in enforcement efforts. However, it also identifies potential areas for legislative improvement, particularly in streamlining tobacco regulation. This study contributes valuable insights into the challenges and successes of the Slovak Republic’s ongoing fight against the illegal tobacco trade.
The use of intelligence in criminal proceedings in the conditions of the Slovak Republic
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego : Rzeszów, 2024) Matis, Jakub
The presented article deals with the activities of intelligence services, the concept of their functioning in the present in comparison with the past functioning. The object of the examination will be the legality of the use of intelligence information as evidence in criminal proceedings in the Slovak Republic. The core part of the article focuses on the applicability of intelligence information in the context of evidence in criminal proceedings. As these are institutes that go beyond the limits of the Slovak Criminal Procedure Code, special legal regulations will also be analysed in connection with intelligence activities, in particular Act No. 46/1993 Coll. on the Slovak Information Service and Act No. 198/1994 Coll. on Military Intelligence. Last but not least, the aim of the article will be to analyse the use use of information-technical means within the legal limits. In order to achieve the set objectives, we use the method of analysis of the current legislation. In the conclusion of the paper, we evaluate the findings and take our positions and on the application of the analyzed institute.
Zadržanie a obmedzenie osobnej slobody podozrivej osoby v policajnej praxi
(Paneurópska vysoká škola : Bratislava, 2024) Fodor, Attila
The detention and restriction of a suspect's personal liberty is one of the most radical interferences into the individual's personal freedom. It is a frequently used institution in police practice. However, the current legislation causes inconsistencies in the procedures of individual departments of the Police Force. Application issues may ultimately be resolved only through an adequate amendment of the criminal procedural provisions.
Non-lege artis, liability in medicine from the perspective of criminal and civil law
(HACCP Consulting : Nitrianske Hrnčiarovce, 2024) Čipka, Dominik; Šalková, Tereza
The authors in this paper address the specificity of criminal and civil liability for healthcare professionals and healthcare institutions, particularly concerning errors that may occur during healthcare provision. In practice, situations may arise where a healthcare professional fails to diagnose a patient promptly or correctly, or a bribe is accepted for a medical procedure. However, it is necessary to reflect on the issue of legal liability and the criminalisation of the healthcare profession, as well as whether every error in diagnosis constitutes an act of non-lege artis. The study also examines the nuances of legal liability in cases where healthcare professionals operate within ambiguous circumstances, emphasising the importance of expert evidence to evaluate adherence to medical standards. Furthermore, it explores the criminalisation of healthcare errors, questioning whether current legislative frameworks adequately differentiate between professional negligence and intentional misconduct. By analysing civil and criminal liability, the paper provides a comprehensive perspective on how healthcare professionals can navigate their responsibilities while minimising legal risks.
Special evidentiary measures - a comparative study of Serbia and Slovakia
(Univerzitet v Banoj Luci : Banja Luka, 2024) Ivanović, Zvonimir; Vaško, Adrián
There is a trend across European countries to incorporate various successful measures into national legislation, and the two cases presented in this article are no exception. However, these implementations vary due to the legal cultures and attitudes of legislatures in each country. Naturally, the Republic of Serbia faces specific demands related to its obligations, which are strict, pertaining to accession to the EU, with the negotiation process imposing numerous conditions on legislative efforts and outcomes. This article examines special evidentiary (investigative) measures, their status within the legal systems of both countries, and the variations between them. The originality of this work stems from the relevance of the legal, practical, and evidentiary solutions provided by both legislatures, as well as the trials conducted by European Community courts and practices based on Slovak results within the legal system of the European Community.
Right to evidence in the Slovak labor law
(ADAPT University Press : Bergamo, 2024) Švec, Marek; Mészáros, Peter; Olšovská, Andrea
There is no specific comprehensive legislation to govern court proceeding in labor law. In general, labor law disputes are dealt with in the same way civil law disputes are addressed. The general procedural law is Act no. 160/2015 Coll. Civil Dispute Code, as amended (hereinafter referred to as the "CDC"), coming into force on July 01, 2016.
Nečinnosť správcu dane v kontexte otázky žaloby proti nečinnosti orgánu verejnej správy a ústavnej sťažnosti
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Ondrová, Júlia; Úradník, Michal
Otázka rýchlosti konania a rozhodovania orgánu verejnej moci je pre účastníka daného konania vždy dôležitá, a to platí aj pokiaľ ide o postup správcu dane. Na podklade komparácie budú predstavené vybrané inštitúty ako právne nástroje na odstránenie nečinnosti správcu dane. Jedným z nich je aj podanie sťažnosti pre nečinnosť príslušnému správcovi dane či rozhodnutie nadriadeného orgánu akým je Finančné riaditeľstvo Slovenskej republiky. Porovnanie sa bude týkať aj otázky prípustnosti podania ústavnej sťažnosti pre nečinnosť správcu dane, a to práve s ohľadom na inštitút žaloby proti nečinnosti orgánu verejnej správy podľa Správneho súdneho poriadku.
Certain aspects of criminal evidence and digital evidence
(Užgorodskij nacionaľnij universitet : Užgorod, 2024) Matis, Jakub
The evolution of digital technology has revolutionized the landscape of criminal investigations and legal proceedings. This paper delves into the nuanced realm of evidence, with a particular focus on digital evidence, which has become increasingly prevalent in today’s digital age. The proliferation of digital information presents both opportunities and challenges for the field of criminal procedure. Recognizing the growing importance of electronic evidence in criminal investigations, the Commission has taken proactive measures to streamline the process of obtaining such evidence. New rules have been introduced to facilitate the acquisition of electronic evidence by judicial authorities. Among these rules are provisions for the creation of a European Evidence Production Order and a European Preservation Order specifically tailored for electronic evidence in criminal cases. Furthermore, providers of electronic services operating within the European Union are now required to appoint a legal representative, further enhancing the accessibility of electronic evidence for legal proceedings. Despite these advancements, the utilization of digital evidence raises complex legal questions and challenges. This paper critically examines the various implications associated with the use of digital evidence, shedding light on issues such as authenticity, admissibility, and the preservation of digital evidence. By analyzing these aspects in depth, the paper aims to provide insights into the multifaceted nature of digital evidence and its implications for criminal procedure.In addition to addressing legal complexities, the paper also seeks to establish a foundational understanding of digital evidence by providing basic definitions and classifications. By elucidating the diverse sources and forms of digital evidence, ranging from emails and transaction records to video recordings and metadata, the paper lays the groundwork for a comprehensive understanding of this evolving field. In conclusion, this paper serves as a comprehensive exploration of the role of digital evidence in contemporary criminal investigations and legal proceedings.
Favorable interest rate on a loan - social assistance or a means of obtaining uncontrolled income?
(Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach, 2024) Dolíhalová, Miroslava; Úradník, Michal
A market-oriented economy and dynamic changes in the needs of society are often associated with the use of loans and credits. Monitoring the growth of indebtedness of natural persons and legal entities is important from the point of view of the stability of the financial market. From the point of view of the fiscal interests of the state, loans can be perceived precisely in the context of interest and their assessment as taxable income. By not recognizing contractual interest as taxable income, the essence of a tax offense is fulfilled, the detection of which is relatively difficult to almost impossible. The above applies in particular to natural persons. Our research has shown that in the Slovak Republic there is no mechanism, for example between banks and the tax administrator, which would reveal the non lege artis actions of the taxpayer, which also damages the fiscal interests of the state.
Elektronický monitoring v trestním řízení
(Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, 2024) Kořínek, Štěpán
Elektronické sledování osob stále představuje v oblasti trestního práva v podmínkách České republiky, ale i třeba Slovenské republiky, novum. Elektronický monitoring alias elektronická kontrola představuje procesní institut, který umožňuje sledovat pohyb, nikoliv však výlučně, obviněné či odsouzené osoby. V našich právních podmínkách se však jedná o komplementární surogát/substitut, který umožňuje nahradit klasické mechanismy a opatření jako například vazbu či výkon trestu domácího vězení. Podstatným zůstává, že se v ČR nejedná o samostatně stojící právní nástroj, ale vždy musí mít nějakou vazbu na jiné trestněprávní opatření či sankci. Příspěvek je rozdělen do dvou částí. První část je orientována na právní východiska využití e-monitoringu v trestních věcech, a to i včetně poukázání na mnohá úskalí a nedokonalosti. Druhá část se věnuje technickým a provozním podmínkám využití e-monitoringu z praktického hlediska. Cílem tohoto příspěvku je přiblížit a sumarizovat východiska e-monitoringu, především v ČR, s poukázáním na jeho bližší komplikace a zamyšlením se nad jejích řešením.
Legality and admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings
(Užgorodskij nacionaľnij universitet : Užhorod, 2024) Matis, Jakub
The rapid expansion of information technology in recent decades has deeply influenced various societal domains, including the legal landscape. This impact is particularly notable in substantive criminal law, where new phenomena have emerged, and in criminal procedural law, where innovative tools have been introduced to facilitate the gathering of essential information for fair and efficient legal processes. Among these tools, modern recording technologies, encompassing visual, audio, or audiovisual formats, have gained prominence for their role in documenting events and serving as evidence in criminal proceedings. Governed by legal frameworks such as Article 10(21) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, these recordings are classified as information and technical means when meeting specified criteria, primarily serving as crucial evidence sources capturing sound, images, or their combination. However, challenges arise when parties involved in criminal proceedings independently procure such recordings, aiming to present them to law enforcement or the court discreetly and confidentially. This necessitates a clear differentiation between recordings obtained within the procedural framework, regulated by Article 114 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and those obtained externally. Establishing such distinctions is pivotal for upholding the integrity and legality of evidence presented in criminal proceedings, ensuring fairness and transparency in the pursuit of justice. In this paper we will analyze the concepts of inadmissibility and legality of evidence in the context of criminal proceedings. The aim is to highlight their interrelation and to distinguish their key aspects. The focus will be on the issue of private recordings as evidence. We will analyse the conditions under which a private recording can be used as evidence in criminal proceedings. We will take into account the relevant case law of the courts and the European Court of Human Rights. This paper comprehensively analyses the issue of admissibility and legality of evidence in criminal proceedings, with particular emphasis on private recordings as evidence. The paper should provide a comprehensive overview of the issue and help in solving practical questions that arise in this context.
The importance of taking evidence as part of the court proceedings
(HACCP Consulting : Nitrianske Hrnčiarovce, 2024) Gandžalová, Daniela
This paper delves into the critical role of evidence collection within the civil judicial process, underlining its significance as a fundamental cognitive task through which courts establish the factual and legal foundations of disputes. By dissecting the civil process's aim and purpose, the study emphasizes the necessity of gathering evidence as a cornerstone for rendering just and equitable decisions. It explores the intricate balance courts must maintain in exercising judicial discretion and strategy, focusing on the adjudication process's nuanced requirements for determining the relevance and admissibility of evidence. The distinction between contentious and non-contentious proceedings is examined to underscore the dynamic procedural responsibilities that parties face in proposing evidence, alongside the court's authority to direct further evidence collection. This analysis extends to the constitutional and procedural underpinnings that frame the principles of free evidence evaluation against the backdrop of ensuring a fair trial, highlighting the judiciary's critical role in upholding justice while navigating factual intricacies. Further, the paper investigates the ramifications of recent legal reforms in Slovakia for evidence collection practices, illustrating how procedural law modifications are geared towards augmenting the civil process's efficiency and fairness by recalibrating the judiciary and participatory roles. Additionally, the evolving jurisprudence on evidence is scrutinized, elucidating the paramount influence of supreme judicial decisions in setting guiding precedents for lower courts. These precedents, in turn, inform approaches to evidence collection, significantly impacting the landscape of civil litigation in Slovak Republic. Through this comprehensive exploration, the paper seeks to illuminate the essential functions and evolving dynamics of evidence collection in the civil judicial system, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of its pivotal role in achieving judicial fairness and correctness.

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