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Zodpovednosť štátu a transparentnosť mimovládnych neziskových organizácií
(Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, 2026) Čellár, Miroslav
The article addresses the issue of transparency of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the context of the growing importance of civil society and current security challenges. It highlights the phenomenon of so-called proxy organizations, which may represent the interests of states, corporations, or other actors, while their links often remain hidden or deliberately disguised. The author analyzes contemporary forms of these organizations, including shell companies, front organizations, and astroturfing efforts, emphasizing the risks their activities pose to the integrity of democratic processes and state security. The focus is placed on the legislation adopted in the Slovak Republic in 2025, its objectives, shortcomings, and the response of both domestic and international stakeholders. The analysis takes into account the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the EU, as well as the recommendations of FATF and OECD, which emphasize the need for increased financial transparency of NGOs. The author provides a detailed description of the legislative process, proposed obligations, issues of proportionality, and interference with fundamental rights and freedoms. The conclusion points to persisting doubts regarding the adequacy of the adopted law, assuming that the final position on its compliance with constitutional and international law will be delivered by the Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic.
Amendment to the information act in the Slovak Republic in the optics of legal certainty: Fee character?
(Ústav státu a práva AV ČR, v.v.i : Praha, 2026) Dolíhalová, Miroslava; Úradník, Michal
The article provides a legal analysis of the recent amendment to the Information Act, the adoption of which was preceded by a lengthy legislative process, including the use of the veto of the President of the Slovak Republic and considerable media coverage. The Information Act establishes the obligation for obliged persons to make information available on the basis of requests for information submitted by persons, or to publish certain information stipulated by law. With regard to the concept of the Information Act and the free access to information guaranteed by the Constitution of the Slovak Republic under Article 26 of the Constitution, which includes the free dissemination of the information, we are of the opinion that the information can be made available. The analysed amendment to the Information Act created space for questioning the legal certainty of authorised entities and introduced doubts to the public about the violation of the guaranteed right, namely by conditioning the payment of insufficiently regulated payments for the disclosure of information. The authors of the article also point to the application practice of some elements of the amendment in the Information Act in the Czech Republic, which also served as a model for the legislator of the Slovak Republic.
Procedural protection of employees in individual employment disputes under Slovak civil procedure
(HACCP Consulting : Nitrianske Hrnčiarovce, 2026) Bjaloňová, Michaela
Individual employment disputes represent a specific category of civil litigation characterised by a structural imbalance between the employee and the employer. This imbalance, rooted in the nature of dependent work and the unequal distribution of economic, organisational, and informational power, significantly affects not only substantive labour law but also the procedural position of the parties in judicial proceedings. The article examines the theoretical foundations of individual employment disputes as conflict-driven legal relationships and analyses the procedural mechanisms introduced by the Slovak Civil Dispute Procedure Code to protect employees as the weaker party. Particular attention is devoted to the classification of these disputes as disputes involving protection of the weaker party, the expanded duty of the court to provide guidance, the inclination towards the investigative principle in evidence taking, the exclusion of procedural concentration in relation to the employee, and the prohibition of default judgments to the employee’s detriment. The article further evaluates the effectiveness of these procedural instruments in practice, with a focus on causal jurisdiction and access to justice. The analysis demonstrates that while the current procedural framework strengthens the formal and material protection of employees, it also raises concerns regarding the length of proceedings, judicial accessibility, and overall procedural efficiency. The article concludes that effective protection of employee rights requires not only enhanced procedural safeguards but also organisational and systemic adjustments within the judiciary to ensure accessible, timely, and professionally competent adjudication of employment disputes.
Implementing EU sanctions through criminal law: Serious negligence as a new form of culpability in the Slovak Republic
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute : Basel, 2026) Klimek, Libor
The enforcement of European Union restrictive measures increasingly relies on criminal law at national level, particularly in response to serious and systematic violations that cannot be effectively addressed through administrative sanctions alone. Directive (EU) 2024/1226 requires Member States to ensure effective, proportionate, and dissuasive criminal penalties for breaches of EU sanctions, including, in defined cases, conduct committed with serious negligence. This article examines the introduction of serious negligence as a new statutory form of culpability in the Slovak Republic, adopted through Act No. 157/2025 Coll. as part of the transposition of Union law. The analysis is based on a doctrinal examination of Slovak criminal law, legislative materials, and relevant EU legal instruments, complemented by a comparative overview of selected Member States. The article demonstrates that the Slovak legislator introduced serious negligence (Slovak: hrubá nedbanlivosť) as a qualified form of negligence in a cautious and narrowly circumscribed manner, limiting its application to a specific offence relating to the breach of a restrictive measure. While this approach strengthens the effectiveness of EU sanction enforcement, it also raises interpretative and practical challenges, particularly in distinguishing serious negligence from ordinary negligence and indirect intent. The article concludes that the Slovak model reflects a balanced attempt to comply with Union obligations while preserving the internal coherence and fundamental principles of national criminal law, with its long-term impact depending on consistent judicial interpretation and restrained application in practice.
8. ročník medzinárodnej vedeckej konferencie "Banskobystrické zámocké dni práva" organizovanej Právnickou fakultou Univerzity Mateja Bela pod záštitou dekana doc. JUDr. Adriána Vaška, PhD.
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2025) Haluška, Filip
Četnický sbor v ozvěnách minulosti a větrech budoucnosti
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2025) Kořínek, Štěpán
V letošním roce byl na Slovensku zaveden četnický sbor, který má představovat autonomní ozbrojený sbor plnící zákonné úkoly v mezích svěřených pravomocí. Četnictvo bude figurovat vedle Policajného zboru a Vojenské policie. Pojem četnictva nutně evokuje historické souvislosti vztahující se až do doby Československé republiky, kde četnický sbor sehrával klíčovou úlohu při potírání trestné činnosti a udržování veřejného pořádku. Z formálního hlediska se jedná o kvantitativní změnu bezpečnostně institucionálního aparátu Slovenské republiky, přičemž znovuzavedení četnického sboru je obhajováno jeho kvalitativní stránkou, kdy může silně přispět ke zvýšení bezpečnosti. Nehledě na skutečně přidanou hodnotu jeho reformovaného "oživení", která se projeví až postupem času, je třeba věnovat této reálii kýženou pozornost. Česká republika se naopak vydala jiným směrem, když došlo k rozšíření pravomocí Vojenské policie, namísto zavedení dalšího bezpečnostního sboru, což lze označit za prostou kvalitativní změnu. Tento příspěvek tak má za cíl představit novou právní úpravu zavádějící nový ozbrojený sbor v podmínkách Slovenské republiky, jakož i podnítit další odborné debaty a empirické výzkumy. Příspěvek je rozdělen do třech částí. První část přináší historický exkurz k četnictvu v dobách Československa. Druhá část se věnuje představení "nového" četnického sboru v SR. Třetí část byla zaměřena na rozšíření pravomocí Vojenské policie v ČR, a to jako ve smyslu komparace českých a slovenských změn.
The security council, counter-terrorism, and the legitimacy of international law
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2025) Saktorová, Ľubica
The present article examines United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1373 (2001) and No. 1540 (2004) as pivotal instances of the Council’s post September 11th practices in which it assumed a quasi-legislative role by adopting binding universal obligations under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. The study assesses whether these resolutions were adopted within the Council's competence and how their form, content, and practical application have affected the legitimacy of international law. Using analytical and dialectical methodology, the article first places the resolutions in the context of the development of Article 39 practice and the expanding understanding of threats to international peace and security, and then examines their structural and normative implications. The findings suggest that, although the measures can be defended as a lawful exercise of the Council's broad discretionary powers, they have contributed to long-term challenges to legitimacy by concentrating regulatory power in a politically uneven body and creating obligations without participation and multilateralism. From today's perspective, the legacy of Resolutions 1373 and 1540 illustrates the tension between effectiveness and legitimacy that the international legal order is increasingly confronted with.
Credibility and truthfulness as fundamental normative attributes of testimony provided by a cooperating person in criminal proceedings
(HACCP Consulting : Nitrianske Hrnčiarovce, 2026) Bejdová, Zuzana; Lacyková, Kristína
The cooperating person represents a fully legitimate procedural institute within the Slovak criminal justice system; however, testimony obtained through cooperation is inherently burdened by the individual’s personal criminal-law interest arising from the expectation of procedural or substantive benefits. This structural characteristic raises serious concerns regarding the evidentiary strength, epistemic value, and permissible limits of reliance on such testimony in criminal proceedings. The article examines the conceptual distinction between credibility and truthfulness as fundamental normative attributes of testimony provided by cooperating persons. While credibility traditionally dominates judicial assessment, it does not necessarily guarantee correspondence with objective reality, particularly where testimony is motivated by anticipated advantages. The authors analyse recent legislative developments introduced by Act No. 416/2025 Coll., which amended the Code of Criminal Procedure by transforming truthfulness from a predominantly epistemic criterion into an explicit normative condition governing the admissibility of cooperation-based evidence. Through doctrinal legal analysis, normative interpretation of statutory provisions, and examination of the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, the article evaluates whether the Slovak legal framework adequately addresses the evidentiary risks inherent in motivated testimony. Particular attention is devoted to the requirement of independent corroboration and to the interaction between truthfulness as a threshold condition of admissibility and credibility as a subsequent evaluative criterion. The authors conclude that the legislative emphasis on truthfulness constitutes a necessary corrective to the traditional reliance on credibility alone and strengthens safeguards against convictions based on unverified or distorted testimony. At the same time, the article assesses the compatibility of the national regulation with the requirements of a fair trial under Article 6(1) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and contributes to the broader discourse on the evidentiary limits of cooperation-based testimony in criminal proceedings.
Opatrenia v súvislosti so situáciou na Ukrajine s dôrazom na právnu úpravu v oblasti miestnych daní a miestnych poplatkov
(Universum : Prešov, 2025) Jamrichová, Tatiana
The article examines the legislative measures adopted by the Slovak Republic in 2022 in response to the armed conflict in Ukraine and its consequences, particularly the mass influx of refugees into the territory of Slovakia. Special attention is devoted to the amendment to Act No. 582/2004 Coll. on Local Taxes and the Local Fee for Municipal Waste and Small Construction Waste, which formed part of a broader legislative package adopted through an accelerated legislative procedure. This package was introduced following the declaration of a state of emergency in the Slovak Republic, prompted by the urgent need to address the social, economic, and financial implications of the massive influx of foreigners resulting from the war in Ukraine. The author discusses the rationale behind the adoption of this legislative measure, analyses, and assesses its specific provisions. The study applies methods of descriptive analysis, legal analysis, synthesis, and deduction.
Umelá inteligencia a budúcnosť právnickej profesie: medzi efektivitou a zodpovednosťou
(Trnavská univerzita v Trnave, 2025) Kluknavská, Andrea
This paper addresses the current challenges that artificial intelligence (AI) brings to the field of law. AI offers significant efficiency in processing legal information and facilitates routine tasks, thereby creating space for deeper interpretation and strategic decision-making by lawyers. At the same time, it entails serious risks, such as inaccurate outputs, limited explainability, issues with data quality, and threats to personal data protection. For this reason, every use of AI must be accompanied by human oversight and clear accountability, which has direct implications for the future of legal professions and legal education.
Inklúzia utečencov z Ukrajiny v podmienkach Slovenskej republiky: Právne a sociologické aspekty
(Universum : Prešov, 2025) Píry, Martin; Saktorová, Ľubica
The article explores the inclusion of refugees from Ukraine in the Slovak Republic following the outbreak of the Russian Federation’s military aggression in 2022. It adopts a narrative approach and case studies that document experiences from the first months of the crisis. The analysis focuses on three phases of the host country’s response: immediate humanitarian assistance, short-term stay, and long-term inclusion. The sociological dimension highlights the role of stereotypes, public opinion, and hybrid threats in shaping the perception of refugees. The legal dimension identifies challenges linked to a rigid interpretation of legislation, particularly in education and the legal status of minors, while also emphasizing positive examples of flexible approaches by universities and volunteers. A distinctive contribution is the discussion of the community-based model of “refugees for refugees,” which transforms refugees from passive recipients of aid into active participants, reinforcing dignity and responsibility. The conclusion formulates recommendations for future practice: differentiating reasons for migration, systematically addressing public opinion, and balancing empathy with academic standards. Findings demonstrate the need for a combined approach involving legislative reform, effective communication, and community-driven solutions to ensure successful inclusion.
Comparative analysis of consumer food complaints and returns regulations
(HACCP Consulting : Nitrianske Hrnčiarovce, 2025) Zajác Ševcová, Katarína
The article aims to analyze the legal regulation of food complaints and returns from the perspective of European Union law and the legal systems of selected Central European countries (the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic, Austria, Poland, and Hungary). Special attention is paid to the relationship between consumer law, food law, and food safety rules, especially for perishable and hygienically sensitive foods. The article emphasizes that although Directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights harmonizes the general 14-day right of withdrawal for distance contracts, foods often fall under the exceptions under Article. 16 letters d) and e), which, however, do not limit the consumer's rights from liability for defects and from general food law. The core of the work is a comparative analysis of the legal regulation in five countries, supplemented by a synthetic table. Based on the findings, specific de lege ferenda measures are proposed for Slovak legislation, in particular the introduction of a special food complaint regime in Act No. 108/2024 Coll., an explicit link between the recall of a batch and the individual consumer's right to a refund, as well as a clearer link between misleading food labeling and the right to a complaint and a refund of the purchase price
Vybrané legislatívne zmeny na úseku daní a poplatkov spojené so statusom odídenca z Ukrajiny
(Universum : Prešov, 2025) Úradník, Michal
Udalosti na Ukrajine, spojené s februárom 2022, viedli k mnohým zmenám, vrátane novelizácie právnych predpisov Slovenskej republiky. Predkladaný vedecký príspevok sa svojím obsahom zameriava na vybrané legislatívne zmeny na úseku daní a poplatkov, spojené práve so statusom odídenca z Ukrajiny. Základom pre skúmanie sa stali metóda historickoprávnej analýzy, a to v spojení s metódou komparácie, dedukcie a abstrahovania záveru, s priebežným prezentovaním vlastných úvah. Tomu zodpovedajú aj príklady z aplikácie právnej úpravy. Príspevok je koncipovaný chronologicky. Primárne sa zameriava na objasnenie pojmu odídenec podľa príslušnej právnej úpravy. Následne pristupuje k vymedzeniu niektorých aspektov zmien právnej úpravy, pričom upozorňuje aj na eventuálne otázky aplikačnej praxe. Pozornosť je osobitne koncentrovaná na súvisiace otázky z oblasti miestnych daní a miestneho poplatku za komunálne odpady a drobné stavebné odpady. Dôraz na vybrané aspekty súvisí aj s daňou z príjmov. Realizované legislatívne zmeny deklarujú snahu zákonodarcu pomerne rýchlo reagovať na vzniknuté situácie, a to s cieľom vytvorenia právneho základu pre pomoc osobám so statusom odídenca. Tým je totiž nielen osoba s ukrajinským štátnym občianstvom, ale v zásade každý cudzinec, ktorému je poskytované dočasné útočisko. Príspevok sa tak vo všeobecnosti týka všetkých odídencov, bez ohľadu na krajinu svojho pôvodu.
(Ne)prípustnosť kamerových záznamov ako dôkazných prostriedkov v pracovnoprávnych sporoch
(Slovenská akadémia vied : Bratislava, 2025) Žuľová, Jana; Švec, Marek
The objective of this scientific contribution is to summarize the issue of the admissibility of camera recordings created and obtained by employers as evidence in labor law disputes. The paper, utilizing specialized literature and judicial decisions, describes what is considered admissible and inadmissible evidence in civil proceedings, specifically focusing on camera recordings from employee monitoring. Given that ultimately the court must seek justice by balancing the rights of specific dispute participants, it is impossible to arrive at a universal solution regarding the (in) admissibility of such contentious evidence. However, the authors‘ ambition is at least tocompile and unify procedures for interested parties involved in this matter.
Right to evidence in the Slovak labor law
(ADAPT University Press : Bergamo, 2024) Švec, Marek; Mészáros, Peter; Olšovská, Andrea
There is no specific comprehensive legislation to govern court proceeding in labor law. In general, labor law disputes are dealt with in the same way civil law disputes are addressed. The general procedural law is Act no. 160/2015 Coll. Civil Dispute Code, as amended (hereinafter referred to as the "CDC"), coming into force on July 01, 2016.
Legal union of a same-sex couple in the Slovak Republic and the scope of recognition of such unions validly established abroad
(HACCP Consulting : Nitrianske Hrnčiarovce, 2024) Václavová, Veronika
The paper focuses on the issue of legal regulation of unions of same-sex couples under the conditions of the Slovak legal order. The author notes that within the Slovak Republic there is no equivalent of the institution of marriage for cohabiting persons of the same sex. It is further specified on the issues of recognition of marriages of same-sex couples, respectively registered partnerships established abroad. The aim of the contribution is to summarize and stimulate a wider discussion on the issues addressed and to point out the fact that human rights must be guaranteed in a state of law, while their guarantee can be interpreted as a security granted to all and the rejection of discrimination. The lack of legal recognition for same-sex unions not only presents social challenges but also practical hindrances in daily affairs such as healthcare, taxation, and social security benefits, which can often be predicated on marital status. It is crucial to consider the implications of such legal gaps on the well-being of individuals who are part of same-sex couples, as well as their children. The evolving social fabric and changing attitudes towards same-sex relationships necessitate a reassessment of existing legal frameworks to ensure inclusivity and equality under the law. The continued efforts and discussions within the Slovak Republic highlight a growing awareness and potential for legislative change that aligns with the European consensus on human rights. Moreover, the exploration of legal avenues for recognition of same-sex unions must consider the dynamic nature of family structures in the contemporary context, where diversity in family units is becoming increasingly normative.
Inštitút spolupracujúcej osoby v intenciách novely Trestného poriadku
(Paneurópska vysoká škola : Bratislava, 2024) Raďašová, Milada
The paper is dedicated to the institute of cooperating person. This institute serves to identification of a serious criminal activity and its culprits, especially in case when the law enforcement bodies fight with lack of evidence. Professional public has been pointing to deficiencies in legal regulations for a long time, and also to insufficient practical application of this institute, and these issues should be settled. The paper provides an overview of legal regulations amendment related to the cooperating person, adopted within the amendment of the Penal Code in the Act No. 40/2024 Coll.
Non-lege artis, liability in medicine from the perspective of criminal and civil law
(HACCP Consulting : Nitrianske Hrnčiarovce, 2024) Čipka, Dominik; Šalková, Tereza
The authors in this paper address the specificity of criminal and civil liability for healthcare professionals and healthcare institutions, particularly concerning errors that may occur during healthcare provision. In practice, situations may arise where a healthcare professional fails to diagnose a patient promptly or correctly, or a bribe is accepted for a medical procedure. However, it is necessary to reflect on the issue of legal liability and the criminalisation of the healthcare profession, as well as whether every error in diagnosis constitutes an act of non-lege artis. The study also examines the nuances of legal liability in cases where healthcare professionals operate within ambiguous circumstances, emphasising the importance of expert evidence to evaluate adherence to medical standards. Furthermore, it explores the criminalisation of healthcare errors, questioning whether current legislative frameworks adequately differentiate between professional negligence and intentional misconduct. By analysing civil and criminal liability, the paper provides a comprehensive perspective on how healthcare professionals can navigate their responsibilities while minimising legal risks.
The fight against illegal tobacco products
(HACCP Consulting : Nitrianske Hrnčiarovce, 2024) Šalková, Tereza; Čipka, Dominik
This paper addresses the pressing issue of combating illicit tobacco products, emphasising the legal frameworks at both the national and European levels. It explores the roles and activities of various authorities dedicated to preventing illegal tobacco trade, including the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) and the Criminal Office of the Financial Administration of the Slovak Republic. The study delves into the legislative landscape governing tobacco products, assessing its effectiveness in adapting to the evolving tactics of smuggling networks. In particular, the paper scrutinises how Slovak and European regulations align to counteract the sophisticated and increasingly complex strategies employed in illegal tobacco trafficking. Statistical data highlights the prevalence of contraband tobacco in Slovakia, illustrating the financial, health, and societal ramifications of the black market. The findings also point to a correlation between high tobacco prices and an increased likelihood of exposure to illicit products. Furthermore, the research supports hypotheses regarding the adaptability of Slovak legislation to contemporary tobacco consumption trends and the critical role of inter-European collaboration in enforcement efforts. However, it also identifies potential areas for legislative improvement, particularly in streamlining tobacco regulation. This study contributes valuable insights into the challenges and successes of the Slovak Republic’s ongoing fight against the illegal tobacco trade.
Zadržanie a obmedzenie osobnej slobody podozrivej osoby v policajnej praxi
(Paneurópska vysoká škola : Bratislava, 2024) Fodor, Attila
The detention and restriction of a suspect's personal liberty is one of the most radical interferences into the individual's personal freedom. It is a frequently used institution in police practice. However, the current legislation causes inconsistencies in the procedures of individual departments of the Police Force. Application issues may ultimately be resolved only through an adequate amendment of the criminal procedural provisions.

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