08 Články v časopisoch

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8. ročník medzinárodnej vedeckej konferencie "Banskobystrické zámocké dni práva" organizovanej Právnickou fakultou Univerzity Mateja Bela pod záštitou dekana doc. JUDr. Adriána Vaška, PhD.
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2025) Haluška, Filip
A few remarks on professional and expert activities in criminal proceedings
(Užgorodskij nacionaľnij universitet : Užhorod, 2024) Matis, Jakub
In criminal proceedings, the establishment of facts beyond reasonable doubt is a cornerstone principle, ensuring that criminal offenses are accurately identified and perpetrators are justly punished while respecting the rights of all parties involved. The proof process is vital, with evidence playing an essential role in determining the outcomes of various procedural stages. Among the types of evidence, expert evidence has become increasingly significant, especially with advances in science and technology broadening the scope of issues requiring specialized knowledge. This paper aims to analyze the roles and impacts of professional and expert activities in criminal procedures. It seeks to highlight the distinctions between expert reports and professional statements, illustrating their respective legal standings and importance in the context of Slovak law. By examining the regulatory framework, specifically Act No. 382/2004 Coll. on experts, interpreters, and translators, and the Criminal Procedure Code (Act No. 301/2005 Coll.), the paper delves into the conditions, rights, and obligations of experts. Additionally, it addresses the significance of expert consultants introduced by the Criminal Procedure Code, who provide advisory services without precluding the involvement of expert witnesses for comprehensive technical assessments. Expert reports, governed by stringent formalities, are pivotal in addressing complex technical issues within criminal cases. These reports must be produced by court-appointed experts and include detailed descriptions of the methods used and the conclusions drawn. Conversely, professional statements, considered documentary evidence, do not carry the same legal weight and lack the formalities required for expert reports. The Criminal Procedure Code also ensures that expert evidence is used appropriately by stipulating when and how expert opinions should be sought. This comprehensive approach ensures that all technical and scientific issues are thoroughly examined, contributing to the fair administration of justice. In conclusion, the integration of expert and professional activities in criminal proceedings enhances the accuracy and reliability of judicial decisions. By leveraging specialized knowledge, the legal system can better fulfill its mandate of delivering justice while upholding the principles of fairness and due process. This paper underscores the necessity of clear regulatory frameworks and the proper application of expert evidence to achieve these aims.
Aktuálna judikatúra Súdneho dvora Európskej únie k právu byť prítomný na konaní pred súdom v trestnom konaní (Rozhodnutie vo veci C-569/20, trestné konanie proti IR)
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Bilasová, Bianka
V prípade nejasností o súlade vnútroštátneho práva s právom EÚ, môžu členské štáty počas vnútroštátneho súdneho konania požiadať Súdny dvor EÚ o interpretáciu príslušných ustanovení práva EÚ prostredníctvom prejudiciálneho konania. Kľúčovú úlohu v zabezpečení konzistentnej aplikácie práva EÚ v členských štátoch zohráva práve Súdny dvor. Tento príspevok sa primárne sústredí na výzvy spojené s aplikáciou smernice 2016/343 z 9. marca 2016, ktorá bola prijatá Európskym parlamentom a Radou s cieľom posilniť procesné postavenie osôb podozrivých a obvinených v trestnom konaní. Článok je štruktúrovaný do troch hlavných častí: prvá časť sa zaoberá predstavením sporu vo veci samej a otázok, ktoré boli predložené Súdnemu dvoru Európskej únie. Druhá časť pokračuje analýzou relevantnej judikatúry, smerníc EÚ a procesných záruk, zatiaľ čo tretia časť končí vyhodnotením a interpretáciou rozhodnutia Súdneho dvora.
Amendment to the information act in the Slovak Republic in the optics of legal certainty: Fee character?
(Ústav státu a práva AV ČR, v.v.i : Praha, 2026) Dolíhalová, Miroslava; Úradník, Michal
The article provides a legal analysis of the recent amendment to the Information Act, the adoption of which was preceded by a lengthy legislative process, including the use of the veto of the President of the Slovak Republic and considerable media coverage. The Information Act establishes the obligation for obliged persons to make information available on the basis of requests for information submitted by persons, or to publish certain information stipulated by law. With regard to the concept of the Information Act and the free access to information guaranteed by the Constitution of the Slovak Republic under Article 26 of the Constitution, which includes the free dissemination of the information, we are of the opinion that the information can be made available. The analysed amendment to the Information Act created space for questioning the legal certainty of authorised entities and introduced doubts to the public about the violation of the guaranteed right, namely by conditioning the payment of insufficiently regulated payments for the disclosure of information. The authors of the article also point to the application practice of some elements of the amendment in the Information Act in the Czech Republic, which also served as a model for the legislator of the Slovak Republic.
An unlawfully obtained vs. unlawfully taken evidence in civil litigation
(HACCP Consulting : Nitrianske Hrnčiarovce, 2024) Lajošová, Iveta
The academic paper analyses some interpretation problems associated with assessing unlawful evidence. In current legal practice, one of the most significant and debated issues in court proceedings is handling the evidence obtained. This question is all the more complex when the court finds itself in a situation where it has to decide on the admissibility and relevance of the evidence obtained unlawfully. A pressing question then is: How should the court deal with evidence obtained in violation of the law? Is it possible for such evidence to be recognised as admissible and to influence the decision on the merits, or is it the court's duty to reject such evidence unreservedly?
Bezpečnostné hrozby a riziká - objekty spravodajského záujmu
(Akadémia Policajného zboru SR : Bratislava, 2024) Lisoň, Miroslav; Vaško, Adrián
Ambíciou autorov predkladaného poznania (v obsahu tejto vedeckej štúdie) je charakterizovať objekty, ktoré sú frekventovane identifikované v procesoch spravodajskej činnosti. Je tomu tak preto, lebo na základe ich identít je možné špecifikovať osobitnosti indikátorov, ktorými je možné zdôvodniť potrebu, ciele, postupy a iné atribúty realizácie spravodajskej činnosti. Osobitne v obsahu tohto poznania zdôvodňujú význam akceptácie systémového prístupu pri účelovej identifikácii vybraných objektov spravodajského záujmu
Certain aspects of criminal evidence and digital evidence
(Užgorodskij nacionaľnij universitet : Užgorod, 2024) Matis, Jakub
The evolution of digital technology has revolutionized the landscape of criminal investigations and legal proceedings. This paper delves into the nuanced realm of evidence, with a particular focus on digital evidence, which has become increasingly prevalent in today’s digital age. The proliferation of digital information presents both opportunities and challenges for the field of criminal procedure. Recognizing the growing importance of electronic evidence in criminal investigations, the Commission has taken proactive measures to streamline the process of obtaining such evidence. New rules have been introduced to facilitate the acquisition of electronic evidence by judicial authorities. Among these rules are provisions for the creation of a European Evidence Production Order and a European Preservation Order specifically tailored for electronic evidence in criminal cases. Furthermore, providers of electronic services operating within the European Union are now required to appoint a legal representative, further enhancing the accessibility of electronic evidence for legal proceedings. Despite these advancements, the utilization of digital evidence raises complex legal questions and challenges. This paper critically examines the various implications associated with the use of digital evidence, shedding light on issues such as authenticity, admissibility, and the preservation of digital evidence. By analyzing these aspects in depth, the paper aims to provide insights into the multifaceted nature of digital evidence and its implications for criminal procedure.In addition to addressing legal complexities, the paper also seeks to establish a foundational understanding of digital evidence by providing basic definitions and classifications. By elucidating the diverse sources and forms of digital evidence, ranging from emails and transaction records to video recordings and metadata, the paper lays the groundwork for a comprehensive understanding of this evolving field. In conclusion, this paper serves as a comprehensive exploration of the role of digital evidence in contemporary criminal investigations and legal proceedings.
Četnický sbor v ozvěnách minulosti a větrech budoucnosti
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2025) Kořínek, Štěpán
V letošním roce byl na Slovensku zaveden četnický sbor, který má představovat autonomní ozbrojený sbor plnící zákonné úkoly v mezích svěřených pravomocí. Četnictvo bude figurovat vedle Policajného zboru a Vojenské policie. Pojem četnictva nutně evokuje historické souvislosti vztahující se až do doby Československé republiky, kde četnický sbor sehrával klíčovou úlohu při potírání trestné činnosti a udržování veřejného pořádku. Z formálního hlediska se jedná o kvantitativní změnu bezpečnostně institucionálního aparátu Slovenské republiky, přičemž znovuzavedení četnického sboru je obhajováno jeho kvalitativní stránkou, kdy může silně přispět ke zvýšení bezpečnosti. Nehledě na skutečně přidanou hodnotu jeho reformovaného "oživení", která se projeví až postupem času, je třeba věnovat této reálii kýženou pozornost. Česká republika se naopak vydala jiným směrem, když došlo k rozšíření pravomocí Vojenské policie, namísto zavedení dalšího bezpečnostního sboru, což lze označit za prostou kvalitativní změnu. Tento příspěvek tak má za cíl představit novou právní úpravu zavádějící nový ozbrojený sbor v podmínkách Slovenské republiky, jakož i podnítit další odborné debaty a empirické výzkumy. Příspěvek je rozdělen do třech částí. První část přináší historický exkurz k četnictvu v dobách Československa. Druhá část se věnuje představení "nového" četnického sboru v SR. Třetí část byla zaměřena na rozšíření pravomocí Vojenské policie v ČR, a to jako ve smyslu komparace českých a slovenských změn.
Comparative analysis of consumer food complaints and returns regulations
(HACCP Consulting : Nitrianske Hrnčiarovce, 2025) Zajác Ševcová, Katarína
The article aims to analyze the legal regulation of food complaints and returns from the perspective of European Union law and the legal systems of selected Central European countries (the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic, Austria, Poland, and Hungary). Special attention is paid to the relationship between consumer law, food law, and food safety rules, especially for perishable and hygienically sensitive foods. The article emphasizes that although Directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights harmonizes the general 14-day right of withdrawal for distance contracts, foods often fall under the exceptions under Article. 16 letters d) and e), which, however, do not limit the consumer's rights from liability for defects and from general food law. The core of the work is a comparative analysis of the legal regulation in five countries, supplemented by a synthetic table. Based on the findings, specific de lege ferenda measures are proposed for Slovak legislation, in particular the introduction of a special food complaint regime in Act No. 108/2024 Coll., an explicit link between the recall of a batch and the individual consumer's right to a refund, as well as a clearer link between misleading food labeling and the right to a complaint and a refund of the purchase price
Credibility and truthfulness as fundamental normative attributes of testimony provided by a cooperating person in criminal proceedings
(HACCP Consulting : Nitrianske Hrnčiarovce, 2026) Bejdová, Zuzana; Lacyková, Kristína
The cooperating person represents a fully legitimate procedural institute within the Slovak criminal justice system; however, testimony obtained through cooperation is inherently burdened by the individual’s personal criminal-law interest arising from the expectation of procedural or substantive benefits. This structural characteristic raises serious concerns regarding the evidentiary strength, epistemic value, and permissible limits of reliance on such testimony in criminal proceedings. The article examines the conceptual distinction between credibility and truthfulness as fundamental normative attributes of testimony provided by cooperating persons. While credibility traditionally dominates judicial assessment, it does not necessarily guarantee correspondence with objective reality, particularly where testimony is motivated by anticipated advantages. The authors analyse recent legislative developments introduced by Act No. 416/2025 Coll., which amended the Code of Criminal Procedure by transforming truthfulness from a predominantly epistemic criterion into an explicit normative condition governing the admissibility of cooperation-based evidence. Through doctrinal legal analysis, normative interpretation of statutory provisions, and examination of the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, the article evaluates whether the Slovak legal framework adequately addresses the evidentiary risks inherent in motivated testimony. Particular attention is devoted to the requirement of independent corroboration and to the interaction between truthfulness as a threshold condition of admissibility and credibility as a subsequent evaluative criterion. The authors conclude that the legislative emphasis on truthfulness constitutes a necessary corrective to the traditional reliance on credibility alone and strengthens safeguards against convictions based on unverified or distorted testimony. At the same time, the article assesses the compatibility of the national regulation with the requirements of a fair trial under Article 6(1) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and contributes to the broader discourse on the evidentiary limits of cooperation-based testimony in criminal proceedings.
Cybercrime in Slovakia in the context of European Union legislation
(Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego : Warszawa, 2024) Vaško, Adrián; Klátik, Jaroslav
A negative phenomenon in the form of cybercrime has become a society-wide problem addressed not only by national legislators, but also by the structures of the member states of the EU integration group, the member states of the interna-tional organization of European states of the Council of Europe, as well as the mem-ber states of the almost global United Nations. The authors decided work on this paper as in the event of cybercrime it is an extremely serious and actual topic both at the national and European and international level, which must be adequately addressed.
Cybercrime: modern threat in contemporary society
(Institute for National and International Security : Belehrad, 2025) Klátik, Jaroslav; Raďašová, Milada
The content of the paper deals primarily with the issue of cybercrime, emphasizing the European Cybercrime Centre. It presents an impartial view on the issue of cybercrime and the activities of the European Union in this area. It introduces the basic concepts related to cybercrime, including cyber security, cyber threats, and types of cyber attacks. It examines the legal regulation of cybercrime, emphasizing the gradual development of transnational legal instruments. The paper mentions the historical context of cybercrime and the various major cyber attacks in selected European Union Member States.
Daňová kontrola a daňové konanie v kontexte teórie a praxe
(Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach, 2025) Kubincová, Soňa; Jamrichová, Tatiana
Článok poukazuje na vzťah daňovej kontroly a daňového konania na Slovensku z hľadiska historických súvislostí, súčasnej právnej úpravy, odbornej spisby a aj judikatúry. Cieľom článku je za použitia historicko-právnej metódy, metód právnej analýzy a syntézy zodpovedať základné otázky týkajúce sa vzájomného vzťahu týchto inštitútov, a to aj v kontexte porovnania našej právnej úpravy s právnou úpravou Českej republiky. Dôvodom skúmania danej problematiky sú niektoré názory uvádzané v odbornej spisbe a ojedinele aj v judikatúre, podľa ktorých daňová kontrola je súčasťou daňového konania, resp. že daňovou kontrolou daňové konanie začína.
Digital evidence and its use for criminal proceedings
(Užgorodskij nacionaľnij universitet : Užgorod, 2025) Matis, Jakub
This paper examines the role and admissibility of digital evidence, particularly data derived from instant messaging applications like WhatsApp and Telegram, in criminal proceedings within the legal context of the Slovak Republic. The focus is on the legal provisions and frameworks under the Slovak Criminal Procedure Code Act, especially regarding the seizure, preservation, and submission of digital data in criminal proceeding. A key aspect of this study is the exploration of how messages and other data from messaging applications are treated as evidence, addressing the complexities of their relevance, authenticity, and credibility in a legal context. In order to establish the admissibility of such evidence in court, the paper delves into essential principles such as the requirement for evidence to be relevant, authentic, and trustworthy. It highlights the fact that courts generally require clear authentication procedures to confirm the authorship of messages, which presents challenges due to the nature of online identities and the potential for manipulation or misrepresentation. The use of screenshots and the specific criteria that ensure they maintain evidentiary value are also discussed, reflecting the practical considerations involved in collecting and presenting digital evidence. Additionally, the paper critiques existing legal provisions in the Slovak Criminal Procedure Code, particularly those that address the seizure and handling of digital data stored on mobile devices and computers. There are notable ambiguities regarding the categorization of mobile devices as computers and the applicable procedures for accessing data from them. The study argues that the current legal framework should be amended to include a clear definition of digital evidence, to standardize the procedures for its collection, preservation, and presentation in court, and to resolve the conflicting interpretations that currently exist in practice. By examining these aspects, the paper contributes to a deeper understanding of how digital evidence is utilized in criminal investigations and legal proceedings, advocating for legislative updates to address the growing importance of digital data in modern criminal cases. Furthermore, it underscores the need for careful consideration of privacy rights and proportionality when dealing with personal information obtained from digital devices and online platforms.
Dual sanctioning of hate crimes and hate speech as part of extremism in the Slovak Republic: conceptual, legislative and practical issues
(Publishing House VD "Dakor" : Kyjev, 2024) Romža, Sergej; Ferenčíková, Simona; Klimek, Libor
Background: Extremism poses a cross-border social problem, lacking a universally accepted definition. In principle, so-called hate crimes are specific types of criminal offences that cut across all types of extremism. We can even talk about their conceptual overlap. A special category of hate crimes is represented by so-called verbal attacks, known as hate speech, which are considered an abuse of freedom of expression from an international perspective as well as in jurisprudence of the European Court on Human Rights. As a result of such a perception, their criminal sanction comes into consideration. In accordance with the principle of subsidiarity of criminal law repression, another method of sanctioning hate crimes and hate speech is also possible, namely by administrative law. The existence of “multiple legal regulations” on extremism as delict caused a dual sanctioning system of extremism. It leads to application problems in legal practice, for example, an unclear understanding of offences from criminal and administrative perspectives or even the weak possibility of investigating such acts by State power. The main objective of the contribution is to point out the dual legal regulation (criminal and administrative) of the sanctioning of extremism, in particular its special category – hate crimes and hate speech. Moreover, the objective of the contribution is to assess its unclear issues in legal understanding and to identify specific application problems caused by its dual system (criminal and administrative). Special attention is focused on applicable sanctions in both the criminal law area and administrative law areas. At the end, suggestions on how to solve indicated problems are introduced. RESEARCH ARTICLE Access to Justice in Eastern Europe ISSN 2663-0575 (Print) ISSN 2663-0583 (Online) Journal homepage http://ajee-journal.com Methods: The primary sources used for the elaboration of the contribution are scholarly sources (books, studies, scientific papers, etc.), legislative instruments (national and international legislation) and case law (of Slovak national courts and the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union). The authors use traditional methods of legal scientific (jurisprudential) research – general scientific methods and special methods of legal science (jurisprudence). The general scientific methods used in the paper are predominantly logical methods, namely, the method of analysis, the method of synthesis, the method of analogy, and the descriptive method. The descriptive method has been used to familiarise the reader with the current legal regulation of extremism. The method of analysis has been used regarding relevant legal provisions and case-laws of courts. The method of synthesis has also been used. The special methods of legal science used here predominantly include methods belonging to a group of interpretative methods, namely, the teleological method, the systematic method and the comparative method. The teleological method has been used to explain the purpose of legislative instruments. The systematic method has been used to classify the relevant applicable law. The comparative method has been used to examine the relationship between legislative perspectives – criminal and administrative. Results and Conclusions: Regarding extremism offences committed in the Slovak Republic, in specific cases, the decision making whether the committed offence is criminal or of an administrative nature depends on the attitude of the person who committed it. In the Slovak Republic, legislative amendments are intended to address the area of extremism offences, but they have not been introduced as final. A new legal regulation of the administrative offences of extremism is envisaged in terms of their definition. A new sanctioning policy of extremism administrative offences by juvenile offenders is also expected. Moreover, the application of probation in case of offences committed by juvenile delinquents in the area of extremism is recommended and preferred. It would highlight the importance of restorative justice, including its strengthening. Probation would allow the court, when sanctioning extremism in the criminal law area, to create a so-called tailor-made sanction, which would strengthen the individualisation of the sanction, the educational purpose of the sanction and the achievement of both the purpose of the sanction and the purpose of the Criminal Code, which is to protect society from criminal offences and their perpetrators. Even the Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic partially examined the modification of the elements of criminal offences of extremism.
Elektronický monitoring v trestním řízení
(Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, 2024) Kořínek, Štěpán
Elektronické sledování osob stále představuje v oblasti trestního práva v podmínkách České republiky, ale i třeba Slovenské republiky, novum. Elektronický monitoring alias elektronická kontrola představuje procesní institut, který umožňuje sledovat pohyb, nikoliv však výlučně, obviněné či odsouzené osoby. V našich právních podmínkách se však jedná o komplementární surogát/substitut, který umožňuje nahradit klasické mechanismy a opatření jako například vazbu či výkon trestu domácího vězení. Podstatným zůstává, že se v ČR nejedná o samostatně stojící právní nástroj, ale vždy musí mít nějakou vazbu na jiné trestněprávní opatření či sankci. Příspěvek je rozdělen do dvou částí. První část je orientována na právní východiska využití e-monitoringu v trestních věcech, a to i včetně poukázání na mnohá úskalí a nedokonalosti. Druhá část se věnuje technickým a provozním podmínkám využití e-monitoringu z praktického hlediska. Cílem tohoto příspěvku je přiblížit a sumarizovat východiska e-monitoringu, především v ČR, s poukázáním na jeho bližší komplikace a zamyšlením se nad jejích řešením.
Evropský zatýkací rozkaz - minulost, přítomnost a budoucnost
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Kořínek, Štěpán
Evropský zatýkací rozkaz - minulost, přítomnost a budoucnost. V rámci představeného příspěvku se budeme zaobírat evropským zatýkacím rozkazem jako trestněprávním nástrojem, který je založen na presumpci vzájemné důvěry mezi členskými státy, jež stojí jako klíčové východisko zásady vzájemného uznávání. Z retrospektivního hlediska bude ukázáno, že EZR prošel postupem času několika turbulentními vlnami. Jedna z klíčových otázek se bude týkat situace, jestli je možné ignorovat EZR z důvodu rizika nerespektování základních práv a svobod jednotlivců. Pro futuro se bude vhodné zamyslet nad (ne)potřebou a (ne)zbytností modernizace mechanismu EZR, a to nejen z formálního hlediska přechodu z rámcového nařízení na směrnici, ale i materiální tak, aby více odpovídal požadavkům současné ochrany základních lidských práv a svobod. Příspěvek je rozdělen do dvou kapitol, kterým předchází úvodní pojednání a uzavírá resumé. První kapitola pojednává o EZR z pohledu retrospekce, přes současný stav až k budoucímu vývoji. Druhá kapitola se zabývá polemikou nad potřebou a nezbytností reformace EZR. Příspěvek má za cíl poukázat na turbulentní vývoj EZR s hledáním odpovědi, jestli je zapotřebí reformace či modernizace EZR.
Favorable interest rate on a loan - social assistance or a means of obtaining uncontrolled income?
(Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach, 2024) Dolíhalová, Miroslava; Úradník, Michal
A market-oriented economy and dynamic changes in the needs of society are often associated with the use of loans and credits. Monitoring the growth of indebtedness of natural persons and legal entities is important from the point of view of the stability of the financial market. From the point of view of the fiscal interests of the state, loans can be perceived precisely in the context of interest and their assessment as taxable income. By not recognizing contractual interest as taxable income, the essence of a tax offense is fulfilled, the detection of which is relatively difficult to almost impossible. The above applies in particular to natural persons. Our research has shown that in the Slovak Republic there is no mechanism, for example between banks and the tax administrator, which would reveal the non lege artis actions of the taxpayer, which also damages the fiscal interests of the state.
Fourth generation rights in healthcare: Theoretical and practical aspects of implementation
(Wydawnictwo Aluna : Konstancin-Jeziorna, 2025) Gabani, Ivan I.; Matis, Jakub; Bodnar, Serhii; Kalyniuk, Stepan S.
Aim: To comprehensively analyze the theoretical and practical aspects of the implementation of fourth-generation rights in the field of healthcare in Ukraine. Materials and Methods: This study examines Ukraine’s Constitution, codes, laws, and regulations, along with international treaties, European Court of Human Rights decisions, and scholarly works on fourth-generation human rights. Conclusions: Fourth-generation healthcare rights represent a novel legal phenomenon emerging from the biomedical revolution, encompassing legal opportunities for individuals to utilize modern medical technologies for personal needs. In Ukraine, the implementation system remains underdeveloped in both regulatory and institutional mechanisms. Effective implementation requires balancing private rights with public interests, aligning national legislation with international standards, and establishing functional institutional mechanisms—particularly crucial in today’s global challenges.
Harmonisation of the criminal law of the Slovak Republic with the law of the European Union in the field of international criminal offences
(Publishing House VD "Dakor" : Kyjev, 2025) Vaško, Adrián; Klátik, Jaroslav; Čuha, Róbert
Background: This paper addresses key issues related to the tools used to approximate the definitions of selected crimes within specific areas of the fight against organised crime. Despite the pursuit of communitarisation, some legal constitutions have remained rooted in an intergovernmental approach. Accordingly, this article examines individual international documents that served as the basis for selected international criminal offences incorporated into the Slovak Criminal Code. As with any process of harmonisation involving the legal regulations of individual states, aligning European Union law with Slovak Criminal Law was not easy, and many application problems arose. In this article, we focus on these challenges and explore possible solutions. Methods: In this contribution, standard methods commonly employed in the processing of scientific and professional texts focused on "European" criminal law were applied. The dominant method was the so-called analytical method, mainly used to examine current legislation related to the discussed issue. Additionally, a content and functional analysis of the most important institutes, which were contained in relevant international documents and important court decisions, was carried out. In the case of comparisons between Slovak and European legislation, a comparative method was used. Subsequently, conclusions were formulated using the synthetic method, the aim of which was to present proposals to eliminate shortcomings and improve the current legislation. Results and Conclusions: Through the analysis and comparison of relevant legal frameworks, several findings emerged. Specifically, we have found that the Slovak Criminal Code understands the concept of "organised criminal group" significantly more broadly than the relevant Framework Decision. This fact could cause problems in the recognition of decisions by other states. Additionally, the absence of a uniform definition of the concept of "terrorism" within the European Union is problematic as it may lead to inconsistencies that interfere with fundamental human rights and freedoms. In the field of drug trafficking, while no significant application problems were found in connection with the application of European Union law and the Criminal Code, disparities across the entire European Union, particularly in the criminalisation/decriminalisation of selected types of drugs and the varying severity of sanctions imposed by Member States. For arms trafficking, flaws were identified in the implementation of the relevant protocol into Slovak law, particularly in the definition and treatment of firearms parts and components. In cases of trafficking in human beings committed by a legal entity, the Criminal Code fails to meet the requirements of the relevant directive regarding the punishment of legal entities. Finally, the directive on environmental crimes contains vague terms which may cause application problems when approximating the provisions of the directive in relation to other states.

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