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Energy security of the Slovak Republic in the context of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine
(Institute for National and International Security : Belehrad, 2026) Čajka, Peter; Kováčik, Vladimír
The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 fundamentally altered the European energy and security architecture, exposing the structural vulnerability of the Slovak Republic, which had been among the most energy-dependent member states of the European Union. This article examines the implications of the Russian–Ukrainian conflict for the energy security of the Slovak Republic. As a landlocked Central European country, Slovakia is heavily dependent on external oil and natural gas supplies, historically supplied via pipelines from the Russian Federation. Before the crisis, Slovakia imported approximately 90% of its natural gas and nearly all of its crude oil from Russia, rendering its economy and political system highly susceptible to external shocks. The war in Ukraine thus has disrupted traditional supply chains, exposed vulnerabilities in energy policy, and accelerated the search for diversification and sustainable alternatives. By analyzing the strategic, political, and economic dimensions of Slovak energy security, this study highlights the interplay between domestic policies, EU frameworks, and geopolitical shifts. The article concludes that Slovakia's long-term energy security depends on diversifying supply routes, developing renewable energy sources, fostering regional cooperation, and adapting to EU decarbonization goals.
Empirical study on raising the rainbow flag by diplomatic missions
(Ústav mezinárodních vztahů : Praha, 2026) Rosputinský, Peter
Many countries are displaying rainbow flags at their diplomatic missions, a practice that began in 2008 and has gained significant attention since then. This article provides a global overview of this trend based on public sources and a questionnaire survey. It explores the emergence, development, and implications of the raising of the rainbow flag by missions abroad as a visible support for LGBTI rights in bilateral diplomacy. The article categorises countries according to their stance on this issue – supportive, opposing, or neutral. Although this practice lacks explicit legal foundations in international law, including the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, it is still governed by the general duties of the sending state when it is performing diplomatic activities in the receiving state. The study reveals that the flying of the rainbow flag by diplomatic missions ref lects the given state’s political position on LGBTI rights and enhances our understanding of the intersection of diplomacy, human rights, and international law in this matter.
Constrained but not transformed: Civilian-led certification reform and officer misconduct
(SAGE Publications : Thousand Oaks, 2026) Lanigan, Amanda; Kalin, Ilker
In the wake of national protests against police violence, Massachusetts established a civilian-led certification regime to institutionalize external oversight of law enforcement. This study evaluates the short-term behavioral effects of that reform on officers with documented histories of misconduct. Leveraging the alphabetically phased rollout of recertification, we use a natural experiment and difference-in-differences design to estimate the causal impact of POST participation. While our quantitative analysis does not reveal sweeping changes in the frequency of officer misconduct, it uncovers suggestive evidence of behavioral recalibration: officers appear less likely to engage in misconduct at all following exposure to external review. To contextualize these findings, we draw on semi-structured interviews with officers, supervisors, and oversight officials. These interviews reveal how officers often reject the legitimacy of POST while simultaneously adjusting behavior in response to reputational risk and the threat of sanction. Taken together, the results suggest that externally adjudicated, procedurally binding reforms can induce modest, short-term behavioral change through instrumental compliance.
The economic consequences of the Russian invasion of Ukraine: Impact on the energy security and price stability of the Slovak Republic
(Vysoká škola evropských a regionálních studií : České Budějovice, 2025) Kováčová, Simona; Jarabák, Martin
The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 significantly altered the economic landscape of the European Union, with particularly profound consequences for the Slovak Republic. This paper focuses on the economic aspects of the crisis, specifically its effects on the energy sector, rising energy prices, inflation, and Slovakia's energy dependence on Russia. The analysis is based on data from Eurostat, the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic, and relevant academic literature. It presents concrete data on energy imports, the decline in gas consumption, and the development of electricity and gas prices for both households and industry. The paper highlights the challenges associated with the energy transition and emphasizes the need to enhance resilience against external shocks.
Ekonomické benefity lokálnych mien pre rozvoj územia: analýza slovenského kontextu
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2025) Liptáková, Katarína; Cibuľa, Peter
In the current economic climate marked by monetary depreciation, declining savings, and rising municipal debt, local currencies are emerging as a potential solution. This study identifies and evaluates the economic benefits of local currency implementation through a systematic literature review and an analysis of their impact on territorial development. Employing the Delphi method as the primary research tool, this interdisciplinary analysis explores how local currencies can strengthen local competitiveness. The findings provide a detailed overview of the advantages these currencies offer to municipal governments and communities. This research addresses a significant gap in the literature by delivering a focused examination of local currency systems within the Slovak setting, with particular attention to their economic contributions to territorial development.
Ekonomické sankcie ako nástroj zahraničnej politiky: prípad Kuby
(Ekonomická univerzita v Bratislave, 2025) Liptáková, Katarína; Škutová, Daniela; Lomanchenko, Oleksandr
Štúdia analyzuje ekonomické sankcie ako kľúčový nástroj súčasnej zahraničnej politiky prostredníctvom viac ako šesťdesiatročného sankčného režimu USA voči Kube. Cieľom je preskúmať účinnosť a efektívnosť ekonomických sankcií v kontexte moderných medzinárodných vzťahov. Východisková hypotéza predpokladá, že ekonomické sankcie vykazujú rôznorodé účinky, pričom ich efektívnosť pri dosahovaní stanovených cieľov variuje a môže prinášať zamýšľané aj nezamýšľané dôsledky pre všetky zúčastnené strany. Úspešnosť sankcií vo vzťahu k deklarovaným politickým a ekonomickým cieľom je analyzovaná cez ich vplyv na ekonomiku, spoločnosť a medzinárodné postavenie krajiny. Práca využíva deskriptívnu a obsahovú analýzu, pozorovanie, kvantitatívne hodnotenie makroekonomických ukazovateľov, historicko-logickú analýzu a komparatívnu metódu. Dosiahnuté výsledky potvrdzujú limitovanú efektívnosť sankcií pri dosahovaní ekonomických a politických cieľov a poukazujú na potrebu prehodnotenia ich využívania v súčasnej zahraničnej politike.
Disinformation as a security threats for democratic society in content of present antiamericanism and prorussian narratives
(Sveučilište u Dubrovniku, 2025) Ivančík, Radoslav; Kazanský, Rastislav; Rýsová, Lucia
Disinformation is one of the anti-phenomenon of the modern information society. They are not new, they have been used since ancient times. However, their number has increased rapidly with the growing availability and use of the Internet, the emergence of social media, and the exponential growth of user numbers. In recent years, democratic countries have been increasingly exposed to the deliberate, extensive, and systematic dissemination of disinformation with aimed at influencing democratic and decision-making processes, as well as the behaviour, actions, and opinions of people. This is also why the authors, using relevant methods of scientific research, deal with the issue of disinformation as a security threat to a democratic society in this article.
Book review: The diplomacy of the European union
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2025) Podstata, Lukáš
Recenzia na: Diplomacia Európskej únie / Erik Pajtinka ; rec. Miroslav Lajčák, Peter Rusiňák. 1. vyd. - Bratislava : Pamiko, 2023.
Self-identity as a constitutive element of insecurity
(Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego APEIRON : Kraków, 2024) Kalický, Juraj; Škutová, Daniela; Liptáková, Katarína
A research intention with the possibility of providing a certain model approach within the framework of the analysis of the creation and perception of the identity of an actor of international relations, namely in a specific form in the form of one's own self-identification, requires the following. First, to choose and apply an appropriate theoretical and methodological approach, and secondly, provide a corresponding empirical research base with relevant data. The theory of social constructivism with its main categorical corpus was chosen as the theoretical base in our study: in the form of norms, socialization, identity, culture, identity and difference, discourse. The method of discursive analysis was considered as the primary research method. The benefit of the purpose conceived in this way can be demonstrated by pointing out the appropriateness of the application of selected procedural steps of research in the form of a hermeneutic or heuristic insight to reveal the investigated phenomenon. It is therefore an attempt to confirm the functionality of the chosen research methodological framework, as well as the applied constructivist paradigm with its ontological and epistemological starting points.
Attention as a commodity in the world of disinformation and social media
(Entrepreneurship and sustainability center : Vilnius, 2024) Ivančík, Radoslav; Nečas, Pavel; Iľaščíková, Lucia
The dynamic development of information and communication technologies, systems and devices, the emergence of new digital media and platforms, as well as the increasingly widespread use of social networks, on the one hand, increase the availability of information and expand the possibilities of searching, receiving, creating, modifying and sharing it, on the other hand, in a significant way increase the risk of spreading misleading, altered, distorted, deceptive and/or invented information, for example, in the form of disinformation. Given the fact that current business models and the ecosystem of advertising technology allow advertising to be tailored based on already known preferences and previous interactions of users, based on their profile, interests, activities, content they interact with, and even their interpersonal relationships, media, platform, social networks and advertisers try – to achieve the best possible economic results – to attract the sustainable attention of their users. Unfortunately, in many cases, it is also through the spread of disinformation. In this context, the authors, using relevant methods of scientific research, focused on attention as a commodity and the functioning of the attention economy in the context of the increasing extent of the spread of various disinformation (but also hoaxes and conspiracy theories) primarily through social networks, their susceptibility to the spread of unwanted content and efforts to regulate the spread of such content.
Určovanie výšky náhrady za stratu času advokáta : 2. časť
(Slovenská advokátska komora : Bratislava, 2025) Rosputinský, Peter
Otázka náhrady za stratu času patrí pravdepodobne medzi bežné záležitosti každého advokáta pri výkone advokátskeho povolania. Je už tradične ustálené, že na túto náhradu má advokát nárok vzhľadom na stratu príležitostí na prácu na právnych kauzách alebo na získavanie nových klientov v dôsledku času stráveného cestovaním, ktoré samo osebe nie je považované za priamu prácu na právnom prípade s nárokom na odmenu za ňu. Autor článku sa zaoberá spôsobmi určovania výšky tejto náhrady, pričom poukazuje na to, že v praxi čoraz častejšie dochádza k spájaniu času stráveného cestou do miesta úkonu právnej služby s časom stráveným cestou z tohto miesta, čo má v mnohých prípadoch za následok priznanie náhrady za stratu času v nižšom rozsahu, ako pri vyčíslení tejto náhrady samostatne za obe cesty. Autor článku predkladá analýzu existujúcej právnej úpravy a poskytuje podrobné argumenty pre posúdenie správnosti oboch vyššie uvedených spôsobov určovania výšky náhrady za stratu času advokáta.
State of Democracy in Central Europe after the Russian Invasion of Ukraine
(UNISCI - Unidad de Investigación sobre Seguridad y Cooperación : Madrid, 2024) Husenicová, Lucia
The central question of this article is why Russian military aggression in Ukraine has failed to strengthen support for democracy and cooperation with partners in some Central European countries. In addition, the article examines the link between military conflict in the immediate neighbourhood and the crisis of democracy. Based on a review of the extensive literature on the crisis of democracy, the article integrates findings from several opinion polls conducted in Central European countries. Looking primarily at the Visegrad countries, clear patterns emerge in responses and attitudes towards Russia. We can see the influence of the political discourse in these countries, the narratives used by political elites and, more recently, war fatigue and economic consequences. The article argues that a military conflict in the vicinity of democratic countries exacerbates the crisis of democracy. The information warfare that is part of this conflict and the susceptibility of the political elite to the dissemination of enemy propaganda undermines trust in democratic institutions and democracy.
Určovanie výšky náhrady za stratu času advokáta : 1. časť
(Slovenská advokátska komora : Bratislava, 2024) Rosputinský, Peter
Otázka náhrady za stratu času patrí pravdepodobne medzi bežné záležitosti každého advokáta pri výkone advokátskeho povolania. Je už tradične ustálené, že na túto náhradu má advokát nárok vzhľadom na stratu príležitostí na prácu na právnych kauzách alebo na získavanie nových klientov v dôsledku času stráveného cestovaním, ktoré samo osebe nie je považované za priamu prácu na právnom prípade s nárokom na odmenu za ňu. Autor článku sa zaoberá spôsobmi určovania výšky tejto náhrady, pričom poukazuje na to, že v praxi čoraz častejšie dochádza k spájaniu času stráveného cestou do miesta úkonu právnej služby s časom stráveným cestou z tohto miesta, čo má v mnohých prípadoch za následok priznanie náhrady za stratu času v nižšom rozsahu, ako pri vyčíslení tejto náhrady samostatne za obe cesty. Autor článku predkladá analýzu existujúcej právnej úpravy a poskytuje podrobné argumenty pre posúdenie správnosti oboch vyššie uvedených spôsobov určovania výšky náhrady za stratu času advokáta.
Je možné dosiahnutie rodovej rovnosti v diplomacii vďaka inkluzívnemu vzdelávaniu?
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2025) Michalková, Zuzana
Americká politika voči Taiwanu a jej bezpečnostné východiská
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2025) Vrbovský, Juraj; Antalíková, Jana; Nečas, Pavel; Konecka-Szydełko, Bożena
The presented article examines Taiwan policy of US during presidency of J. Biden and the influence of the Taiwan question on the current US-China relations. The objective of the article is to summarize and analyze latest developments of US Taiwan policy during Biden administration and its impact on US-China relations. We tried to focus on a brief description of the legal basis for managing relations in the context of Taiwan, defense cooperation between the US and Taiwan, the issue of strategic ambiguity, later on recent changes in US policy towards Taiwan and the events of the so-called The Fourth Taiwan Crisis. The sources we used are laws and agreements, official statements, academic articles and online media articles, authors used an analytical, descriptive and comparative scientific research methods. We do argue, that Biden administration's partial change of Taiwan policy (and Congresses’ less visible legislative actions) is indeed significant and, in the context of other moves, the PRC's changed power potential, assertive foreign policy and stated vital national interests, what contributes to destabilization of bilateral relations in this matter.
Efficiency of administrative proceedings in the field of offenses in Slovakia
(Vysoká škola evropských a regionálních studií : České Budějovice, 2025) Liptáková, Katarína; Drocárová, Katarína
Offenses represent unlawful actions and undesirable antisocial behavior. The issue of efficiency in administrative proceedings regarding offences has come to the forefront in Slovakia due to an amendment to the Criminal Code, effective as of 6 August 2024. The efficiency of administrative proceedings is influenced by various factors, primarily the quality of offence investigation, the professional competence of state employees, and staff number. This study quantitatively and qualitatively examines these factors using data from two district offices in the years 2021–2023. The results confirm the validity and justification of our assumptions.
The Volebny Kompas datasets on Slovak voter and party positions
(Nature publishing group : London, 2024) Mintal Jozef, Michal; Borseková, Kamila; Cicchi, Lorenzo; Müller, Vladimír; Vancel, Róbert; Šimková, Patrícia; Deegan-Krause, Kevin
Three decades after the fall of socialist regimes in Central Europe, the successes of democratic transition face threats from broader trends toward skepticism, disengagement and distrust across Europe, though perhaps more intensively in the East. This backdrop, especially evident in Slovakia, underscores the need for comprehensive data on voter and political party positions during elections, a key opportunity for democratic renewal. Our article introduces two datasets from the Volebný Kompas project: the first, is a collection of 134,699 voter responses on 39 key issues, obtained through the Volebný Kompas voting advisory application for the 2023 snap Slovak Parliamentary Elections. The second dataset details the positions of 11 political parties on the same issues. Together, they provide a comprehensive view of Slovakia’s political landscape before a pivotal election which resulted in a dramatic change in government composition. As freely available and validated resources, these datasets can serve as an essential tool for understanding and navigating the evolving landscape of post-socialist democracies.
Zakonšpirované Slovensko 1938 - 1945. Niekoľko úvah nad tvárami neviditeľného spiritus movens ľudáckeho režimu
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Hruboň, Anton
The paradigm of Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party (HSĽS) regime, as well as the persecutory measures implemented against fabricated “enemies of the nation” during its reign (October 1938 – April 1945), were based on conspiracy theories. This essay identifies the main ones, pointing out their genesis, intentionality, and ways of operating with them in political practice. The analysis shows that although many conspiracy frames used in wartime Slovakia correlated with narratives in other countries of the fascist Axis, they cannot be considered copypastes of rhetoric popularized mostly by Nazi Germany. The text promotes the idea that the conspiratorial thinking of the HSĽS already formed in the late Habsburg monarchy at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and the changes in international politics in the 1930s only had an effect on their firmer establishment in the political culture of the party and political preferences of its supporters. The basis of this conspiratorial thinking was the fear of liberalism, of the threat to the Christian faith and the Slovak nation by a group of highly sophisticated interconnected “pests” with destructive intentions. Until 1918, it primarily included the Marxist left, capitalists, freemasons, and liberals in general, and after the creation of Czechoslovakia, Czechs, and Jews to an increased extent. The essay emphasizes that precisely the argumentation of conspiracy theories (“imperialism of Prague against Slovakia/Slovaks”, “Jewish Bolshevism”) provided the legitimizing platform for the repressive policy of the HSĽS regime and authorized violence against entire groups of the population that did not belong to the “ingroup”.
Role of sustained democracy in US foreign policy during presidency of Joseph R. Biden
(Entrepreneurship and sustainability center : Vilnius, 2024) Vrbovský, Juraj; Nečas, Pavel; Liptáková, Katarína; Drocárová, Katarína
Value-based foreign policy has always been a point of controversy, and the situation is no different today. This question becomes all the more controversial in the event that its executor is to be a pre-eminent power - the United States of America. In this respect, the present is not so different from the recent past, and in the context of the great power rivalry of the USA, especially with the PRC and the Russian Federation, analogies with the Cold War are offered and often brought. It was precisely at that time that both (super)powers claimed to a certain extent that they carried out their foreign policy in accordance with their values, which they considered to be key and not in favor of the cold calculation of national interests. The choice was not binary then and it has not become so even today, and even if during the mentioned period both superpowers supported different groups in different sections and entered into conflicts under the different pretexts, neither side could actually claim the title of valuable foreign policy. Although comparisons with the Cold War are often exaggerated, indeed the newly renewed (or never ended) and growing great power rivalry shaping to a large extent the current international system, at least in the case of the US, complicates the never-ending formal commitment to supporting democracy and democratic regimes in its foreign relations. Also, on the basis of the mentioned facts, we decided to investigate this phenomenon and through the article we want to contribute to the debate about the role of democracy in international politics and foreign relations of the current J. Biden administration as a whole.
Post-truth era of political marketing
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Kriška, Jessica; Kováčik, Branislav
The study focused on the phenomenon of political marketing, political communication, and their application in world politics during the post-truth era with an emphasis on the territory of the United States of America. The aim of the study was to identify several aspects of these disciplines during the dynamic technological progress which makes it possible to develop misleading manipulative techniques and spread disinformation. The emerging issues of the current state of the online sphere such as abuse of personal data for one's own political gain, dissemination of false news that radicalizes the public and threats to the security of free and fair elections and a democracy relate to other concerns such as a polarized society and electoral integrity. Politics has always been, and will continue to be, an infinite number of shades of grey. Absolute honesty and elimination of negative advertising or propaganda is neither realistic nor desirable, though we consider it important to strive for more ethical election campaigns. The conclusion of this article can be applied to other studies that will continue the research on the given topic and will respond to the current challenges of democracy.

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