08 Články v časopisoch

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An exclusively urban phenomenon? Radical agrarianism in political practice of interwar fascism: a case study of Slovakia
(Ostrava : Ostravská univerzita v Ostravě, 2024) Hruboň, Anton; Ristveyová, Katarína
Fascism is frequently considered to be a political movement associated with cities. The article attempts to contest this idea through a case study, which illustrates the agrarian-focused drive of fascism by profiling two fascist organisations in interwar Slovakia. It stresses agrarianism as a core factor of their political practice. The case study is based on an analysis of Rodobrana (1923–1929), a paramilitary organisation of Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party, which became a significant pioneering fascist movement in Slovakia, and the National Fascist Community (1926–1938), the most notable political party representing nationwide Czechoslovak fascism. Even though both streams were written down in history as relatively unsuccessful cliques of cads, their palingenetic discourse, based on radicalised agrarian thought, helped create an atmosphere that resulted in the acceptance of the latter measures adopted by Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party’s regime (confiscation of properties belonging to the “political parvenus”, Aryanisation of Jewish assets, agrarian reforms, and the programme of Slovak national socialism).
Dvadsať rokov SlovakAid: Hodnotenie plnenia rozvojových záväzkov
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Bolečeková, Martina
To commemorate the 20th anniversary of the SlovakAid brand established in 2003, this paper examined Slovakia's evolution as a donor country in Official Development Assistance (ODA) over the past two decades. Through qualitative analysis of official documents and quantitative assessment of statistical data from the Statistical Office of SR, OECD, and Slovak ODA statistical portal, the study evaluated Slovakia's performance within the donor community and its compliance with international development commitments. The research demonstrated that while Slovakia has successfully transitioned from aid recipient to respected donor, it faces persistent challenges as a small state, particularly in meeting financial commitments. Despite an overall increase in ODA volume since 2003, Slovakia has struggled to achieve its targeted ODA/GNI ratio, reaching a maximum of approximately 0.15% in 2022. The study found that Slovakia has adopted a niche diplomacy approach, utilizing its comparative advantages in democratic transformation and EU integration experience, while focusing on a narrower range of partner countries. However, the approach is not consistently applied. Research also highlighted the significant predominance of multilateral over bilateral aid, which potentially diminishes the visibility of Slovak development assistance. External factors, including the migration crisis and COVID-19 pandemic, have influenced ODA volumes but have not led to sustained improvements in meeting international commitments.
Politicians and the moral aspect of politics in the context of political ethics
(Sládkovičovo : Danubius University, 2024) Kováčová, Simona
The article examines the ethical aspects of political engagement and its impact on the character of politicians, drawing on the concept of Max Weber. Weber views politics as an autonomous sphere focused on power and resource distribution, distinguishing between the ethics of conviction and the ethics of responsibility. The ethics of conviction is based on personal moral principles without regard to consequences, whereas the ethics of responsibility emphasizes anticipating and accepting the consequences of decisions, particularly in relation to future generations. Furthermore, Weber defines that a true politician should possess passion, responsibility, and judgment. Political wisdom, as an ethical tool, is rooted in historical memory, adaptability, and foresight. Political courage is another essential aspect, requiring the ability to defend public interests despite personal losses. The main challenge is to establish an ethical framework that fosters responsible decision-making by politicians and enhances public trust in political processes.
Book review: Žižek and the others. Ideology in a postideological age
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Lietava, Ľuboš
Význam Univerzitnej agentúry Frankofónie pre strednú a východnú Európu
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Huraj Rošteková, Mária
Book review: Hothouse earth
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Michalková, Zuzana
Book review: Decision-making of the state in a crisis situation
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Vargová, Patrícia
Zakonšpirované Slovensko 1938 - 1945. Niekoľko úvah nad tvárami neviditeľného spiritus movens ľudáckeho režimu
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Hruboň, Anton
The paradigm of Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party (HSĽS) regime, as well as the persecutory measures implemented against fabricated “enemies of the nation” during its reign (October 1938 – April 1945), were based on conspiracy theories. This essay identifies the main ones, pointing out their genesis, intentionality, and ways of operating with them in political practice. The analysis shows that although many conspiracy frames used in wartime Slovakia correlated with narratives in other countries of the fascist Axis, they cannot be considered copypastes of rhetoric popularized mostly by Nazi Germany. The text promotes the idea that the conspiratorial thinking of the HSĽS already formed in the late Habsburg monarchy at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and the changes in international politics in the 1930s only had an effect on their firmer establishment in the political culture of the party and political preferences of its supporters. The basis of this conspiratorial thinking was the fear of liberalism, of the threat to the Christian faith and the Slovak nation by a group of highly sophisticated interconnected “pests” with destructive intentions. Until 1918, it primarily included the Marxist left, capitalists, freemasons, and liberals in general, and after the creation of Czechoslovakia, Czechs, and Jews to an increased extent. The essay emphasizes that precisely the argumentation of conspiracy theories (“imperialism of Prague against Slovakia/Slovaks”, “Jewish Bolshevism”) provided the legitimizing platform for the repressive policy of the HSĽS regime and authorized violence against entire groups of the population that did not belong to the “ingroup”.
Post-truth era of political marketing
(Belianum. Vydavateľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2024) Kriška, Jessica; Kováčik, Branislav
The study focused on the phenomenon of political marketing, political communication, and their application in world politics during the post-truth era with an emphasis on the territory of the United States of America. The aim of the study was to identify several aspects of these disciplines during the dynamic technological progress which makes it possible to develop misleading manipulative techniques and spread disinformation. The emerging issues of the current state of the online sphere such as abuse of personal data for one's own political gain, dissemination of false news that radicalizes the public and threats to the security of free and fair elections and a democracy relate to other concerns such as a polarized society and electoral integrity. Politics has always been, and will continue to be, an infinite number of shades of grey. Absolute honesty and elimination of negative advertising or propaganda is neither realistic nor desirable, though we consider it important to strive for more ethical election campaigns. The conclusion of this article can be applied to other studies that will continue the research on the given topic and will respond to the current challenges of democracy.
Role of sustained democracy in US foreign policy during presidency of Joseph R. Biden
(Entrepreneurship and sustainability center : Vilnius, 2024) Vrbovský, Juraj; Nečas, Pavel; Liptáková, Katarína; Drocárová, Katarína
Value-based foreign policy has always been a point of controversy, and the situation is no different today. This question becomes all the more controversial in the event that its executor is to be a pre-eminent power - the United States of America. In this respect, the present is not so different from the recent past, and in the context of the great power rivalry of the USA, especially with the PRC and the Russian Federation, analogies with the Cold War are offered and often brought. It was precisely at that time that both (super)powers claimed to a certain extent that they carried out their foreign policy in accordance with their values, which they considered to be key and not in favor of the cold calculation of national interests. The choice was not binary then and it has not become so even today, and even if during the mentioned period both superpowers supported different groups in different sections and entered into conflicts under the different pretexts, neither side could actually claim the title of valuable foreign policy. Although comparisons with the Cold War are often exaggerated, indeed the newly renewed (or never ended) and growing great power rivalry shaping to a large extent the current international system, at least in the case of the US, complicates the never-ending formal commitment to supporting democracy and democratic regimes in its foreign relations. Also, on the basis of the mentioned facts, we decided to investigate this phenomenon and through the article we want to contribute to the debate about the role of democracy in international politics and foreign relations of the current J. Biden administration as a whole.
Diplomatic practice and its influence on regulation of diplomacy by diplomatic law and non-legal rules
(Ústav státu a práva AV ČR : Praha, 2024) Rosputinský, Peter
The notion of diplomatic practice is very often used in many works, but typically without a definition. Firstly, this article brings considerations leading both to the definition of diplomatic practice as well as to its comparison with the notion of practice of diplomacy. The second part of the present article deals with application of diplomatic practice with respect to prospective creation of norms regulating diplomatic relations. The article identifies four possible normative levels of diplomatic practice: (i) one-time practices and repeated practices of one or more States; (ii) general practice; (iii) international courtesy; (iv) international custom; and gives examples of diplomatic practices in each normative level. Finally, as practical implication, it explains the normative potential of diplomatic practice emerging during COVID-19 restrictions in many States, which rests in lockdown measures restricting the freedom of movement of diplomatic missionsʼ members.
Arms control and its impact on sustainable European security
(Entrepreneurship and sustainability center : Vilnius, 2024) Csefalvay, Juraj; Kazanský, Rastislav; Rýsová, Lucia
The international legal framework for arms control fundamentally impacts global security. However, this vital institution is currently dysfunctional, which, in conjunction with the war in Ukraine and the crisis in US-Russia and NATO-Russia relations, is reviving the threat of the European continent becoming a zone of uncontrolled deployment of Russian and US weapons and weapons systems. The collapse of the arms control mechanism has a high potential to spark an uncontrolled arms race across Europe, with potential global spillover. Arms control is a unique idea promoting sustainable international security. It is based on the premise that numerous reductions in weapons and weapons systems by world actors will reduce the likelihood of the outbreak of armed conflict. Arms control is a complex process implemented through international treaties and agreements. They aim to reduce the force potential of a state actor to a level that is only necessary to ensure internal security. This article aims to analyze the impact of the arms control system on sustainable European security and its role within the international order. The basic premise of the arms control process is the principle of equal security, which is based on the sovereign equality of states expressed in the UN Charter. Arms control is always based on the parties' objectives and is therefore not considered an end in itself but is consistently used as part of a process aimed at sustainable international security and building sustainable peace.
Education, science and research - key elements supporting dynamics of economic growth in the EU in the period after overcoming the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic
(University of Dubrovnik, 2024) Rýsová, Lucia; Kazanský, Rastislav; Smeriga, Peter
Education, support of science and research currently represent one of the key factors supporting the dynamics of economic growth and development, both at the regional and global level. In the context of the indicated development, both within the European integration area and individual member states, there is a gradual implementation of projects focused on the reform of educational systems in order to increase the level and quality of education and its close connection with the needs of current social and economic practice. A highly qualified workforce possessing the necessary knowledge, competences and skills represents the core and at the same time the engine of supporting the growth and development of individual economic sectors and increasing the degree of their achieved competitiveness. Currently, almost every economic or social entity is confront with the need to constantly improve and respond flexibly to the needs and demands coming from its external environment, which leads to the need to innovate and improve internal structures and processes in relation to prevailing trends. The results of the educational process transformed into a qualified workforce can significantly help to correctly identify and appropriately and purposefully adapt to these trends. In this direction, the emphasis on the necessity to connect education with the field of science and research is predominant, which represents key factors supporting economic growth and increasing competitiveness. Within the European integration area and individual member states, these starting points are reflect in the entire spectrum of 1 This paper was supported by the Grant KEGA No. 008UMB-4/23 „The European Union's position in the world economy - current situation and future prospects. Compendium of study materials for university study programs“ 144 L. Rýsová, R. Kazanský: Education,… strategic documents implemented in their internal economic environment. For all of them, we can especially mention the current NextGenerationEU plan, in the implementation of which the key will be the use of new knowledge, the results of scientific research and research activities of various types and focus.
The Volebny Kompas datasets on Slovak voter and party positions
(Nature publishing group : London, 2024) Mintal Jozef, Michal; Borseková, Kamila; Cicchi, Lorenzo; Müller, Vladimír; Vancel, Róbert; Šimková, Patrícia; Deegan-Krause, Kevin
Three decades after the fall of socialist regimes in Central Europe, the successes of democratic transition face threats from broader trends toward skepticism, disengagement and distrust across Europe, though perhaps more intensively in the East. This backdrop, especially evident in Slovakia, underscores the need for comprehensive data on voter and political party positions during elections, a key opportunity for democratic renewal. Our article introduces two datasets from the Volebný Kompas project: the first, is a collection of 134,699 voter responses on 39 key issues, obtained through the Volebný Kompas voting advisory application for the 2023 snap Slovak Parliamentary Elections. The second dataset details the positions of 11 political parties on the same issues. Together, they provide a comprehensive view of Slovakia’s political landscape before a pivotal election which resulted in a dramatic change in government composition. As freely available and validated resources, these datasets can serve as an essential tool for understanding and navigating the evolving landscape of post-socialist democracies.
Self-identity as a constitutive element of insecurity
(Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego APEIRON : Kraków, 2024) Kalický, Juraj; Škutová, Daniela; Liptáková, Katarína
A research intention with the possibility of providing a certain model approach within the framework of the analysis of the creation and perception of the identity of an actor of international relations, namely in a specific form in the form of one's own self-identification, requires the following. First, to choose and apply an appropriate theoretical and methodological approach, and secondly, provide a corresponding empirical research base with relevant data. The theory of social constructivism with its main categorical corpus was chosen as the theoretical base in our study: in the form of norms, socialization, identity, culture, identity and difference, discourse. The method of discursive analysis was considered as the primary research method. The benefit of the purpose conceived in this way can be demonstrated by pointing out the appropriateness of the application of selected procedural steps of research in the form of a hermeneutic or heuristic insight to reveal the investigated phenomenon. It is therefore an attempt to confirm the functionality of the chosen research methodological framework, as well as the applied constructivist paradigm with its ontological and epistemological starting points.
State of Democracy in Central Europe after the Russian Invasion of Ukraine
(UNISCI - Unidad de Investigación sobre Seguridad y Cooperación : Madrid, 2024) Husenicová, Lucia
The central question of this article is why Russian military aggression in Ukraine has failed to strengthen support for democracy and cooperation with partners in some Central European countries. In addition, the article examines the link between military conflict in the immediate neighbourhood and the crisis of democracy. Based on a review of the extensive literature on the crisis of democracy, the article integrates findings from several opinion polls conducted in Central European countries. Looking primarily at the Visegrad countries, clear patterns emerge in responses and attitudes towards Russia. We can see the influence of the political discourse in these countries, the narratives used by political elites and, more recently, war fatigue and economic consequences. The article argues that a military conflict in the vicinity of democratic countries exacerbates the crisis of democracy. The information warfare that is part of this conflict and the susceptibility of the political elite to the dissemination of enemy propaganda undermines trust in democratic institutions and democracy.
Navigating new waters: Russian military aggression on Ukraine and effects on the Visegrad Group
(UNISCI Unidad de Investigación sobre Seguridad y Cooperación : Madrid, 2024) Ušiak, Jaroslav
In this article, the author examines the dynamic evolution of the Visegrad Group (V4) countries in response to Russia's war on Ukraine. Although V4 cooperation is deeply rooted in shared historical experiences, recent geopolitical challenges have revealed significant differences among member countries. Poland and the Czech Republic are strongly supportive of Ukraine and oriented towards NATO, while Hungary and Slovakia are more ambivalent, creating internal tensions. The author examines the factors that shape national identities and their influence on these divergent responses, highlighting that these factors have implications for the future of the V4 countries. The researcher used mixed methods to analyse official documents, political speeches and opinion poll data from the V4 countries, to examine the impact of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on V4 unity and solidarity, and to consider the implications for the future of the V4 countries. The findings point to a fragile unity and growing concerns about the V4's ability to respond coherently to external threats.
Attention as a commodity in the world of disinformation and social media
(Entrepreneurship and sustainability center : Vilnius, 2024) Ivančík, Radoslav; Nečas, Pavel; Iľaščíková, Lucia
The dynamic development of information and communication technologies, systems and devices, the emergence of new digital media and platforms, as well as the increasingly widespread use of social networks, on the one hand, increase the availability of information and expand the possibilities of searching, receiving, creating, modifying and sharing it, on the other hand, in a significant way increase the risk of spreading misleading, altered, distorted, deceptive and/or invented information, for example, in the form of disinformation. Given the fact that current business models and the ecosystem of advertising technology allow advertising to be tailored based on already known preferences and previous interactions of users, based on their profile, interests, activities, content they interact with, and even their interpersonal relationships, media, platform, social networks and advertisers try – to achieve the best possible economic results – to attract the sustainable attention of their users. Unfortunately, in many cases, it is also through the spread of disinformation. In this context, the authors, using relevant methods of scientific research, focused on attention as a commodity and the functioning of the attention economy in the context of the increasing extent of the spread of various disinformation (but also hoaxes and conspiracy theories) primarily through social networks, their susceptibility to the spread of unwanted content and efforts to regulate the spread of such content.
Určovanie výšky náhrady za stratu času advokáta : 1. časť
(Slovenská advokátska komora : Bratislava, 2024) Rosputinský, Peter
Otázka náhrady za stratu času patrí pravdepodobne medzi bežné záležitosti každého advokáta pri výkone advokátskeho povolania. Je už tradične ustálené, že na túto náhradu má advokát nárok vzhľadom na stratu príležitostí na prácu na právnych kauzách alebo na získavanie nových klientov v dôsledku času stráveného cestovaním, ktoré samo osebe nie je považované za priamu prácu na právnom prípade s nárokom na odmenu za ňu. Autor článku sa zaoberá spôsobmi určovania výšky tejto náhrady, pričom poukazuje na to, že v praxi čoraz častejšie dochádza k spájaniu času stráveného cestou do miesta úkonu právnej služby s časom stráveným cestou z tohto miesta, čo má v mnohých prípadoch za následok priznanie náhrady za stratu času v nižšom rozsahu, ako pri vyčíslení tejto náhrady samostatne za obe cesty. Autor článku predkladá analýzu existujúcej právnej úpravy a poskytuje podrobné argumenty pre posúdenie správnosti oboch vyššie uvedených spôsobov určovania výšky náhrady za stratu času advokáta.
Economic and institutional aspects of India's economic development in the 21st century
(Southern Federal University : Rostov nad Donom, 2025) Čajková, Andrea; Čajka, Peter
This paper examines the economic and institutional aspects of India’s development in the 21st century, focusing on the analysis of the factors that determine the country’s economic growth as well as the challenges that the Indian economy currently faces. At the moment, India represents one of the most dynamically developing economies in the world, which is clearly predisposed by its positive demographic growth. India is already the most populous country in the world, which creates prospects of harnessing the labor force, as well as skilled and educated labor force, for the continuous positive economic growth of the country in the 21st century. Nevertheless, Indian GDP declined at the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century mainly due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the strict lockdown and social distancing measures that were put in place to control the spread of the coronavirus. These measures led to a sharp decline in economic activity in several sectors, including manufacturing, construction, as well as services. At the same time, the Indian economy is now showing signs of recovery after the perilous year of 2021. This paper demonstrates how the Indian government has taken several measures to promote economic growth as well as various policy reforms aimed at encouraging investment and consumption for supporting the economic recovery. In this study, we also discuss the principles of institutional economics and their specificities in the case of India, in particular path dependency and others, comparing the introduced reforms and their impacts on selected indicators with China as a similarly strong and large economy.

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