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Adolescent sleep quality as critical component of healthy lifestyle
(Independent Publisher Zhanneta Kozina : Charkov, 2024) Adamčák, Štefan; Marko, Michal; Bartik, Pavol
Background and purpose: Adolescence is a critical period for physical, emotional, and cognitive development. High-quality sleep during this phase is essential for healthy growth, emotional well-being, optimal weight, and learning. These factors significantly influence the academic achievements of young people. Purpose: to develop and experimentally justify the methodology of training basketball teams of humanitarian higher educational institutions, taking into account the psychophysiological capabilities of the players. Material and methods: The sample consisted of 626 secondary vocational school students aged 17 years from the Central Slovakia region (353 girls and 273 boys). Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The questionnaires were distributed electronically via Google Forms from October 2023 to March 2024. The results were analyzed with an emphasis on gender differences using the chi-square test (χ2), F-test, and independent t-test at significance levels of p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively. Results: The majority of students, both boys and girls, fell asleep between 11:00 PM and midnight. The average bedtime was 10:54 PM for girls and 10:50 PM for boys, with no significant differences between genders. Significant differences were found in wake-up times, with nearly 40% of girls waking up before 6:00 AM, compared to only 24% of boys (p<0.01). Boys experienced fewer difficulties falling asleep, with 21% falling asleep within 15 minutes (p<0.05). The average sleep duration was 6 hours and 28 minutes for girls and 6 hours and 55 minutes for boys, a statistically significant difference (p<0.01). Sleep efficiency was higher in boys (84.25%) compared to girls (78.75%). Sleep problems, daytime dysfunction, and mood changes were more frequent among girls (p<0.01). Only 28.33% of girls and 39.19% of boys had good sleep quality (p<0.01), while 17.00% of girls and 4.40% of boys exhibited severe sleep disturbances Conclusions: Our findings indicate significant gender differences in sleep habits and quality, consistent with existing literature. These results highlight the need for increased attention to sleep issues among adolescents and the implementation of preventive and intervention measures to improve sleep quality, which could have a positive impact on their overall health and well-being.
An intervention for improving posture in school-age boys: Evidence from out-of-school settings
(Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne, 2025) Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Mandzáková, Martina; Kľocová Adamčáková, Zora
Introduction: Postural deviations in school-age boys represent growing public health concerns, often linked to sedentary behavior, insufficient physical activity, and inadequate ergonomic conditions. While out-of-school settings offer promising settings for preventive interventions, research in this context remains limited. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of 8-week intervention on posture in school-age boys, attending out-of-school settings. Materials and Methods: Quasi-experimental design involved 35 male participants (age: 9.4 ± 0.3 years), with 20 assigned to experimental group receiving the intervention and 15 to nonintervention control group. The program consisted of 20-minute sessions, conducted 3/ week over 8 weeks. Parameters of posture (head/neck, chest, abdomen/pelvis, spine, shoulders/ scapulas) were evaluated pre- and post-intervention using validated observational tools (Klein and Thomas/Mayer method). Results: Statistical analysis (Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U-Tests) revealed significant post-intervention improvements (p < 0.01) in all evaluated parameters within the experimental group, accompanied by large effect sizes. No significant change was observed in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrate that brief, structured interventions can produce clinically meaningful improvements in postural health among school-age boys, affirming the utility of out-of-school settings for posture correction and prevention.
Analýza výskytu oslabených svalov trupu u študentiek Fakulty múzických umení Akadémie umení v Banskej Bystrici
(Universum : Prešov, 2025) Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Slováková, Michaela
Študenti hudobných odborov sú vystavení dlhodobému jednostrannému a statickému zaťaženiu pri hre na nástroj alebo speve. Tento typ záťaže prispieva k vzniku svalovej dysbalancie, ktorá sa prejavuje oslabením stabilizačných svalových skupín a poruchami posturálnej kontroly. Cieľom štúdie bolo analyzovať výskyt oslabených svalov trupu u študentiek Fakulty múzických umení Akadémie umení v Banskej Bystrici, so zameraním na brušné svalstvo, hlboké ohýbače krku a hlavy a dolné fixátory lopatiek. Výskumu sa zúčastnilo 56 študentiek (priemerný vek 22,74 roka) zapísaných v denných študijných programoch interpretačného umenia. Funkčný stav vybraných svalových skupín bol hodnotený pomocou štandardizovaných testov podľa Thurzovej (1992). Analýza poukázala na oslabenie vo všetkých sledovaných svalových skupinách. V brušnom svalstve bolo oslabenie prítomné u 42,86 %, v hlbokých flexoroch krku u 50,00 % a v dolných fixátoroch lopatiek až u 57,14 % študentiek. Tento podiel oslabených svalov signalizuje významné narušenie stabilizačných mechanizmov trupu a riziko rozvoja horného a dolného skríženého syndrómu. Zistenia potvrdzujú vysoký výskyt oslabených stabilizačných svalov, čo poukazuje na komplexné narušenie hlbokého stabilizačného systému u študentiek hudobných odborov. Identifikované deficity predstavujú rizikový faktor pre vznik posturálnych porúch a muskuloskeletálnych ťažkostí. Do edukačného procesu je potrebné integrovať pravidelné hodnotenie funkčného stavu pohybového aparátu, cielené posilňovanie oslabených svalov a fyzioterapeutické intervencie. Tieto opatrenia môžu významne prispieť k podpore zdravia študentiek a dlhodobej udržateľnosti ich umeleckej činnosti.
Changes in thoracolumbar spine following a 10-week corrective exercise programme in students of performing arts
(Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego im. Bronisława Czecha w Krakowie, 2025) Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Azor, Stanislav; Bartik, Pavol
Introduction: Students of performing arts, in particular, music students, are vulnerable to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) because of prolonged static postures and asymmetrical loading associated with instrument playing. Objectives: The study aim was to evaluate the impact of a 10-week corrective exercise programme on improving thoracolumbar spine in female university-level students of performing arts. Materials and Methods: A true experimental design was used with 25 female students of performing arts, divided into an experimental group (n = 15, 60%) and control group (n = 10, 40%). Pre- and post-intervention evaluations were conducted using Schober’s, Stibor’s and Otto’s tests. Non-parametric statistical analyses were applied. This work was supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Research, Development and Youth of the Slovak Republic – Grant No. 1/0512/24: Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Students of Performing Arts. Results: The experimental group showed statistically significant improvements in all three spinal function tests: Schober’s (from 3.06 ± 0.60 cm to 5.40 ± 0.82 cm), Stibor’s (from 6.46 ± 0.64 cm to 9.20 ± 0.86 cm) and Otto’s (from 4.12 ± 0.98 cm to 5.86 ± 0.36 cm), all with p < 0.01. No changes were observed in the control group. Between-group comparisons at Week 10 confirmed significant functional improvements in the experimental group (all p < 0.01). Conclusions: The 10-week corrective exercise programme significantly enhanced thoracolumbar spine (function) in students of performing arts. These findings suggest that low-cost, targeted interventions can effectively address posture-related musculoskeletal risks in this population and should be integrated into the curricula for performing arts.
Correcting posture (body and foot) in karate: influence of Propriofoot concept on posture in children under 12 years of age
(Stowarzyszenie Idōkan Polska : Rzeszów, 2025) Azor, Stanislav; Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Bartik, Pavol
Background. Correct posture, both body and foot, is essential in karate for maintaining balance, generating power, and preventing injury. Despite its importance, correcting improper posture remains challenge, particularly in children under 12 years of age who are still undergoing physical development. This age group requires more time and structured guidance to master correct posture. Problem and aim. Interventions aimed at improving posture in karate, especially for children under 12, represent a significant area of research. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, notable gaps persist in the literature within the Slovak context. Therefore, the aim of this study was to experimentally validate the impact of the Propriofoot Concept on posture improvement in young karate practitioners under the age of 12. Material and methods. A 10-week intervention program (Propriofoot Concept) was conducted from September 2 to November 8, 2024, with sessions held three times per week, each lasting 10 minutes. The program targeted 8 children (50%) under 12 years of age in the experimental group (mean age: 10.40 ± 0.60 years; weight: 38.20 ± 2.40 kg; height: 138.60 ± 2.40 cm). The control group also consisted of 8 children (50%) under 12 years of age (mean age: 10.80 ± 0.80 years; weight: 36.40 ± 2.20 kg; height: 136.20 ± 2.40 cm), who did not receive any experimental stimulus. Posture evaluation was performed using a standardized method, Klein and Thomas’s, refined by Mayer and Srdecny’s Index Method. Assessments were conducted before (Week 1, September 2) and after (Week 10, November 8, 2024) the intervention. The impact of the program was statistically evaluated using the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, and Pearson’s r. Results. The 10-week intervention program significantly improved posture in the experimental group (n = 8, 50%), with results showing statistically significant improvements (p < 0.01; p < 0.05). In contrast, no significant changes were observed in the control group (n = 8; p > 0.05). Conclusions. The absence of significant improvements in the control group highlights the importance of structured intervention programs in correcting posture among young karate athletes. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions that support motor learning, posture correction, and motivation, particularly for children under 12 years of age engaged in karate training.
Differences in gender of adolescents’ leisure time satisfaction in Slovakia: Do adolescent boys participate in more physical activity than girls?
(H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University : Charkov, 2025) Adamčák, Štefan; Izáková, Andrea; Marko, Michal; Bartik, Pavol; Hůlka, Karel
Background and purpose: Adolescents’ leisure time satisfaction plays an important role in development (their), influencing academic success, self-esteem, and/or well-being. Structured leisure is associated with higher satisfaction, while unstructured is associated with health problems (mental). Study aims to examine adolescents’ leisure time satisfaction in Slovakia; in particular, differences in gender. Material and methods: 20-item survey was carried out 10 weeks (January 1 – March 10, 2024), targeting 2764 Slovak adolescents (41.98% boys, and 58.02% girls) aged 17.4–17.6 years. 20-item survey, adapted for study, examined the Slovak adolescents’ leisure time satisfaction across 5 sections; in particular, active leisure, passive leisure, education leisure, leisure caring, and social leisure, and by means of Assumption of Homogeneity of Variance and Independent Samples, 2-Sample T-Test, and Anova, of which the significance level (p) was 0.01 and 0.05 (Ibm Spss Modeler). Results: Adolescent boys and girls reported moderate satisfaction in leisure time (boys: 3.44, girls: 3.48); however, significant (p) differences in gender were in specific sections of leisure. Adolescent boys reported higher satisfaction in active leisure (2.80 vs. 2.36; p < 0.01), while girls reported higher satisfaction in passive leisure (3.66 vs. 3.30; p < 0.01), leisure education (2.66 vs. 2.46; p < 0.01), leisure caring (2.56 vs. 2.36; p < 0.01), and social leisure (2.30 vs. 2. 14, p < 0.01). Results (our) indicate that adolescent girls derive (more) satisfaction from leisure that involve learning, nurturing, and social interaction. Conclusions: It (study) highlights significant (p) differences in gender in adolescents’ leisure time satisfaction, as is shaped by social norms and preferences of adolescents. Adolescent boys seek autonomy and competence in active pursuits, while girls prioritize emotional connection and engagement in social leisure and leisure caring. Results (our) emphasize needs of gender-inclusive leisure programs that encourage diverse participation and/or address cultural (social) barriers.
Dynamic function of spine and its influence by 10-week intervention program in students of performing arts
(IP Iermakov SS : Charkov, 2025) Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Azor, Stanislav; Bartik, Pavol
Background and Study Aim. Students of performing arts often engage in repetitive practice routines. This can lead to overuse and muscle fatigue, which increase the risk of acute pain in the neck, arms, and shoulders. These conditions may negatively affect both quality of life and performance. Although various corrective approaches are applied in performing arts education, their relative effectiveness in improving spinal function remains a matter of practical interest. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of a 10-week intervention program on the dynamic function of the spine in students of performing arts. Material and Methods. The 10-week intervention program was carried out twice per week for 30 minutes (Tuesday, Thursday) between October 14 and December 20, 2024. It was aimed at improving the dynamic function of the spine in 16 students (58%) of performing arts who were assigned to the experimental group (age 22.20 ± 1.40 years, weight 80.60 ± 2.80 kg, height 180.20 ± 4.40 cm). Twelve students (42%) received no intervention and formed the control group (age 22.80 ± 1.40 years, weight 76.80 ± 1.60 kg, height 176.80 ± 2.80 cm). All 28 students (100%) were bachelor’s degree students (1st–3rd year) in Performing Arts and Composition at the Academy of Arts in Banská Bystrica (Faculty of Performing Arts). Standardized measures for evaluating the dynamic function of the spine (forward and side bend tests) were applied before the program (Week 1, October 14) and after completion (Week 10, December 20, 2024). The impact was evaluated using the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results. The results demonstrated significant improvements (p < .01) in the dynamic function of the spine in the experimental group (N = 16, 58%) after the 10-week intervention, particularly in forward and side bend tests. Scores in the forward bend test improved from -10.62 ± 4.24 cm in Week 1 to -2.74 ± 1.84 cm in Week 10 (Z = 3.52, p < .01, r = .62). Improvements (p < .01) were also observed in the side bend test, with lateral flexion to the right increasing from 18.56 ± .62 cm to 21.56 ± .62 cm (Z = 3.54, p < .01, r = .62) and lateral flexion to the left increasing from 18.36 ± 1.02 cm to 21.54 ± .60 cm (Z = 3.60, p < .01, r = .64). No significant improvements (p > .05) were observed in the control group (N = 12, 42%), suggesting that the 10-week intervention program contributed to the observed outcomes. Conclusions. The 10-week intervention program significantly improved (p < .01) the dynamic function of the spine in students (N = 16, 58%) of performing arts. These results underscore the importance of interventions in mitigating musculoskeletal risks associated with prolonged instrumental practice. Future research should explore long-term effects and broader applications of such interventions within performing arts education.
Harmonizing musculoskeletal health: transformative effects of 8-week intervention program on posture in music students
(IP Iermakov S.S. : Charkov, 2024) Azor, Stanislav; Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Bartik, Pavol
Background and Study Aim. Musculoskeletal complaints are common among music students, irrespective of gender. They develop due to intense practice over an instrument; spending long hours of practice may cause muscular imbalance, tension, and awkward posture. The repetitive nature of practice in music students may cause overuse and fatigue. This increases the risk of acute pain and can affect both quality of life and performance. Therefore, the present study aimed at evaluating the transformative effects of an 8-week intervention program on posture in music students. Material and Methods. The 8-week intervention program with transformative effects was conducted over 8 weeks (from September 18 to November 12) on Mondays and Thursdays, for 45 minutes each session. The program aimed to benefit 25 music students, of whom (i) 15 were in the experimental group (with an average age of 24.20 years, average weight of 82.40 kg, and average height of 178.60 cm), and (ii) 10 were in the control group (with an average age of 24.60 years, average weight of 78.40 kg, and average height of 182.20 cm). All participants were enrolled in the second year of a master's degree program in Performing Arts. Standardized measures for evaluating posture (utilizing Klein and Thomas's method, as refined by Mayer) were conducted both before (Week 1, September 18) and after (Week 8, November 12) the intervention. The impact of the 8-week intervention program was assessed using the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, and Pearson's r. Results. Significant differences (p ˂ 0.05, ˂ 0.01) between 25 music students (M); in particular experimental group (n = 15) and control group (n = 10), were in 4 (80%) segments of body in post-test: (i) Head and neck; (ii) Abdomen and pelvis; (iii) Curvature of spine; (iiii) Shoulders and scapulas. Insignificant differences (p ˃ 0.05) between 25 music students (M) were in pre-test. Conclusions. Significant differences (p ˂ 0.05, ˂ 0.01) indicated the transformative effects in the experimental group's (n = 15) posture. This emphasizes the potential of the 8-week intervention program in promoting musculoskeletal health of music students. Therefore, additional research is necessary to investigate the lasting resilience (sustainability) of advantages and enhance the intervention plan in music education.
Miesto hravých aktivít pri prekonávaní strachu vo vyučovaní zjazdového lyžovania v názoroch učiteľov nižšieho sekundárneho vzdelávania
(VERBUM – vydavateľstvo Katolíckej univerzity v Ružomberku, 2024) Adamčák, Štefan; Nemec, Miroslav; Kollár, Rastislav; Bujdoš, Gabriel
Downhill skiing evokes many emotions. In more experienced skiers, they manifest themselves primarily in a positive form, in beginners often in a negative form, in the form of apprehension or fear, mainly due to an unfamiliar way of moving - sliding and moving on skis. In the school environment, we encounter these phenomena quite often on ski training courses. The aim of the paper was to find out through a survey among teachers of lower secondary education (n=105), the fear and apprehension of pupils during ski courses, as well as the use of playful activities during their teaching. We analysed the results from the aspect of intersex differences using the chi-square test on the significance level of p<0.05, resp. p<0.01. We carried out the survey itself from January to March 2023. The results of our study showed that after the completion of ski course, the fear and anxiety of primary school pupils showed a clear trend of decrease. The use of games as one of the forms of warming up, practicing and perfecting selected elements of methodological series of skiing, but also at the end of daily job, is significantly (p<0.01) used to a greater extent by women. During the entire duration of the course, teachers make the most use of movement games of traditional nature - chases, relays, etc. therefore, we recommend that when teaching downhill skiing, movement games with the use of non-traditional aids (skis, poles, etc.) are included to a greater extent, but also games that require the cooperation of pupils, the so-called cooperative games. The results of our study also pointed to the fact that, according to teachers, students' fear of skiing is dominantly caused by an unfamiliar way of moving, when students lose their balance, which they cannot control (p<0.01).
Movement games from the point of view of primary education teachers in Slovakia
(University of Alicante, 2024) Nemec, Miroslav; Adamčák, Štefan; Pivovarniček, Pavol
The main goal of the survey carried out by us is to find out the current opinions of teachers at the primary level of education in Slovakia for teaching the thematic unit activities in nature and seasonal movement activities with a focus on the place of movement games in their teaching. Using a survey, they obtained data from 1,363 teachers of primary education who teach physical and sports education in 75 elementary schools from 8 regions of Slovakia. As many as 15% of all respondents answered that they do not teach the thematic unit outdoor activities and seasonal physical activities at all. Overall, the most commonly taught activity in nature is hiking and spending time in nature. The least respondents like teaching cross-country skiing. Despite the broad and demanding focus of teachers in the primary level of education, we consider it necessary that the teaching of the thematic unit outdoor activities and seasonal physical activities (due to their importance from the point of view of health and the creation of a future lifestyle) is implemented either in winter or summer with 100% occupancy. The obtained results are applicable for compensation of identified deficiencies and subsequent optimization of the educational process in this important period of children's development. Since the results of our study are from the whole of Slovakia, they have a nationwide social impact and significance.
Physical activity analysis and comparison of female students in urban and rural secondary schools in Slovakia
(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego : Szczecin, 2025) Bujdoš, Gabriel; Adamčák, Štefan; Marko, Michal
Our study aimed to assess and compare the physical activity levels of female students in urban and rural secondary schools in Slovakia, given the well-established health benefits of regular physical activity and the recognized risks of a sedentary lifestyle. Using a short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire delivered online via Google Forms, we gathered data from 1271 female students, averaging 17.34 years old, attending the final year of grammar and secondary vocational schools in specific Slovak regions. After categorizing participants based on their residence, statistical analyses, including two-sample t-tests and chi-square tests, were employed with a significance level set at p < 0.01 or p < 0.05. Unexpectedly, participants residing in towns with over 30,000 inhabitants exhibited the highest levels of physical activity, yet they also spent the most time sitting during the week (354.69 minutes on average). Statistical significance was found in only two instances at the p < 0.05 level: walking physical activity between the first and second group and vigorous physical activity between the second and third group. These findings shed light on the nuanced relationship between residence and physical activity levels among female students in Slovakia.
Physical activity-sleep quality relationships: Insights from Slovak adolescents by age and gender
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute : Basel, 2026) Adamčák, Štefan; Marko, Michal; Kľocová Adamčáková, Zora
This study aims to provide insights into how physical activity is associated with sleep patterns in youth populations, in particular, Slovak adolescents, and how gender (boys vs. girls) and age (≤16 vs. ≥18) moderate this relationship, using an extreme-group comparison approach that excludes 17-year-olds to enhance contrast between developmental stages. Using a cross-sectional design, self-reported data were collected from 2504 (100%) high school students (aged 15–19; 45.6% boys, 54.4% girls) using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Participants aged 17 years were excluded from age-stratified analysis to create clearer separation between early/mid and late adolescence. The primary outcome was global sleep quality (PSQI > 5). Secondary outcomes included sleep duration and PSQI component scores. All other analyses (age- and gender-stratified comparisons and interaction models) were predefined as exploratory and hypothesis-generating to examine potential effect modification. Age-stratified analyses among girls showed that, within the low PA group, good sleep was reported by 37.7% of younger girls (≤16) and 28.6% of older girls (≥18). Among older girls, the proportion reporting good sleep increased to 49.8% in the high PA group (χ2 = 29.16, p < 0.001). No consistent associations between PA and sleep quality were observed among boys; however, significant association was identified among younger boys (≤16 years), which was not observed in older boys. Logistic regression revealed a modest interaction between age and PA level in predicting sleep quality among girls (β = 0.346, p = 0.049), suggesting small age-dependent variation in the association. This effect should be interpreted cautiously given its borderline statistical significance. Component-level PSQI analyses showed that girls experienced higher rates of sleep disturbances (χ2 = 91.40, p < 0.001), longer sleep latency (χ2 = 26.71, p < 0.001), and greater daytime dysfunction (χ2 = 79.90, p < 0.001). These findings provide region-specific evidence from Central and Eastern Europe and underscore the need for age- and gender-sensitive public health strategies targeting both physical activity promotion and better sleep outcomes, given their observed associations.
Postural alignment of performing arst students in relation to BMI
(Universum : Prešov, 2025) Bujdoš, Gabriel; Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan
Proper posture plays a crucial role in the lives of students in music and other artistic disciplines, as their activities often lead to static and asymmetrical postural positions, potentially contributing to the development of musculoskeletal disorders. This study aims to analyse posture and its individual segments in relation to Body Mass Index (BMI) among female students of performing arts. The research sample consisted of 107 female students from the Faculty of Performing Arts, divided into two groups based on BMI: students with optimal weight (BMI 18.5–24.99) and underweight students (BMI < 18.5). Posture was assessed using the methodology of Klein and Thomas, modified by Mayer. Statistical analysis was conducted using the chi-square test and Spearman's correlation. Statistically significant differences were found between BMI categories in abdominal and pelvic posture (p < 0.05) and overall posture (p < 0.05). Evaluation of spinal curvature revealed that underweight students more frequently exhibited pronounced or flattened curvature (66.67%) compared to students with optimal weight (60.81%). No statistically significant association with BMI was observed in other body parameters such as head posture, chest posture, and shoulder position (p > 0.05). Underweight students achieved a higher proportion of good to nearly perfect posture (57.58%) compared to students with optimal weight (33.78%). The findings highlight the necessity for an individualized approach to students based on their BMI and the implementation of targeted physical interventions to improve postural habits. Regular monitoring and educational activities can enhance the health and well-being of students in artistic disciplines, thereby promoting the achievement of optimal postural balance.
Rozdiely v kvalite spánku medzi adolescentmi v regióne Banská Bystrica
(Verbum - vydavateľstvo KU : Ružomberok, 2024) Adamčák, Štefan; Kľocová Adamčáková, Zora; Marko, Michal; Bartik, Pavol
Cieľ/ Objective: To identify the sleep quality of sixteen-year-old adolescents in the Banská Bystrica region, with a focus on gender differences. Materiál a metódy/ Materials and Methods: The study focused on gender differences in adolescent sleep quality. The sample consisted of 447 students from secondary vocational schools and gymnasiums in the Banská Bystrica region. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep quality. Data were collected electronically using Google Forms from april to June 2023. Gender differences were analyzed using percentage and statistical methods, specifically the χ² test, at significance levels of p < 0.01 and p < 0.05. Výsledky/ Results: Significant gender differences (p < 0.01, p < 0.05) were observed in sleep onset, wake-up times, subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, and medication use. No significant differences were found in sleep duration, concentration impairment, alertness, or overall sleep activity scores. More than 50% of adolescents exhibited sleep disturbances. Závery/ Conclusions: Interventions by schools, families, and the media should encourage adolescents to establish healthy sleep habits. The key objectives are to optimize sleep onset times and duration, create a sleep-supportive environment, and promote daytime physical activity.
Short- and long-term effects of musculoskeletal health education: evidence from the performing arts students
(Frontiers Media S.A. : Lausanne, 2025) Adamčák, Štefan; Marko, Michal; Bartik, Pavol; Kľocová Adamčáková, Zora
Background: Performing arts students (i.e., musicians), face elevated risks of performance-related musculoskeletal disorders due to prolonged exposure to static postures, repetitive movements, and lack of ergonomic education. While the benefits of musculoskeletal health education are established in sports, its application and long-term effects in performing arts education remain underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate both short- and long-term effects of musculoskeletal health education on dynamic spine function among female music students. Methods: Forty-four female music students from the Academy of Arts in Banská Bystrica participated in a non-randomized controlled study. Participants were divided into an experimental group (n = 28), which received 8-week musculoskeletal health education (2x/week/45 min), and a control group (n = 16), which received no intervention. The education included theoretical and practical components focused on postural awareness and dynamic spine function. Spine mobility was assessed using standardized methods common in medical and physical therapy practice at three time points: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney tests, with significance set at p < .05. Results: The experimental group showed statistically significant improvements in all dynamic spine function tests post-intervention (e.g., Schober's: from 2.71 ± .81 cm to 5.60 ± .68 cm, p < .05) with partial retention at follow-up (4.03 ± .79 cm). Significant gains were also observed in Thomayer's test (from −7.46 ± 4.66 cm to −.78 ± 1.39 cm), indicating enhanced spine mobility. In contrast, the control group demonstrated significant declines across all parameters over time. Intergroup comparisons post-intervention and at follow-up revealed significantly better outcomes in the experimental group across all measures (p < .05), confirming the effectiveness of education. Conclusions: Musculoskeletal health education program led to significant short- and long-term effects on dynamic spine function in female music students. The results underscore the importance of integrating such programs into performing arts curricula to prevent musculoskeletal decline and promote health literacy. This study provides compelling evidence that musculoskeletal education, when embedded into arts training, is both a preventive and rehabilitative tool essential for sustaining the physical well-being of performing arts students.
Six-week postural intervention program in 10-year-old students in physical and sports education
(H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University : Charkov, 2025) Azor, Stanislav; Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Baisová, Karin; Bartik, Pavol; Sivrić, Hrvoje
Background and Purpose Correct posture during the school years is important in children's health, performance (academic) in schools, and well-being. Postural habits (incorrect) in children may lead to significant musculoskeletal disorders; in particular, low back pain and chronic ailments (other); therefore, aims of study was by experiment to validate the influence of six-week postural intervention program aimed at improving the posture in 10-year-old male students in Physical and Sports Education. Material and methods Six-week postural intervention program was carried out 6 weeks (May 6 - June 14, 2024), 2 x/ week/ 10 minutes (Tue/ Thu). Six-week postural intervention program was aimed at improving the posture of 20 10-year-old male students: (i) Experimental group (12 (n), 60%; age 10.20 ± 0.40 years, weight 36.20 ± 2.80 kg, height 138.40 ± 2.80 cm); (ii) Control group (8 (n), 40%; 10.20 ± 0.20 years, weight 36.80 ± 2.40 kg, height 136. 20 ± 4.80 cm). Standardized measure in evaluating the posture (utilizing Klein and Thomas's method, as refined by Mayer) was carried out before (Week 1; May 5, 2024) and after (Week 6; June 14, 2024) the six-week postural intervention program. 6-week postural intervention program and its influence was evaluated using the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, and Pearson's r. Results Significant differences (p ˂ 0.05, 0.01) between 20 10-year-old male students; in particular, experimental group (12, 60%) and control group (8, 40%) was in 4 out of 5 segments of posture (body) in post-test (p ˂ 0.05, 0.01); in particular, head and neck (Z = -2.20, p ˂ 0.05, r = -0.50), abdomen and pelvis (Z = -2.76, p ˂ 0.01, r = -0.62), curvature of spine (Z = -3.20, p ˂ 0.01 , r = -0 .72), shoulders and scapulas (Z = -3.12, p ˂ 0.01, r = -0.70). Insignificant difference (p ˃ 0.05) between 20 10-year-old male students was in shape of chest (Z = -0.56, p ˃ 0.05, r = -0.12; post-test). Conclusions Six-week postural program (intervention) improved the posture of experimental group (12, 60%), demonstrating the improvements in 4 out of 5 segments of posture. Postural (target) exercises may reduce the risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders and promote better posture in children in critical developmental years. No significant difference (p ˃ 0.05) between 20 10-year-old male students was in shape of chest, indicating that certain postural features may require different and/or prolonged interventions.
Sleep quality of high school students in central Slovakia
(Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne, 2024) Adamčák, Štefan; Marko, Michal; Kľocová Adamčáková, Zora; Azor, Stanislav; Bartik, Pavol
Theoretical background. Sleep quality and its importance in high school students is paramount because recognizing the sleep needs of high school students is important because of well-being (health) and academic performance (success); therefore, the aim of study was to examine the sleep quality of high school students in Slovakia. Materials and Methods. Research instrument (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) was carried out 6 months (January - June) because of examining (e.g., analyze, compare) the sleep quality of high school male (630; 45.65 %) and female (750; 54.35 %) students in Slovakia, attending the grammar (598; 43.34 %) and vocational (782; 56.66 %) high schools, and living in Zvolen (720; 52.18 %) and B. Bystrica (660; 47.82 %). Examining the sleep quality of high school students (1 380; 100 %) in Slovakia was by means of chi-square test, of which the significance level was 0.01 and 0.05 and Pearson's r (Ibm Spss Modeler). Results. Significant difference (0.01; 0.05) between high school male (630; 45.65 %) and female (750; 54.35 %) students was in sleep quality (0.01), sleep latency (0.01), sleep duration (0.05), sleep disturbance (0.01), sleep medication (0.01), and daytime dysfunction (0.01). No difference (0.01; 0.05) between high school students (1 380; 100 %) was in sleep efficiency (˃ 0.05). Conclusions. Supporting sleep habits (quality); in particular; consistent bedtimes, promoting and creating sleep environment (safe), improves the sleep quality in high school students. Sustaining communication (open) about sleep issues may facilitate the development of effective sleep strategy tailored to individual needs.
Subjective method of control and regulation of intensity of physical activity (the rate of perceived exertion) in the training process of young basketball players aged 12-13
(Independent Publisher Zhanneta Kozina : Charkov, 2025) Tesliuk, Mikhailo; Adamčák, Štefan
Background and purpose: Performing any physical activity is accompanied by subjective feelings of its severity. The purpose of the work is to experimentally substantiate the effectiveness of the method of controlling physical activity based on subjective feelings in the training process of basketball players aged 12-13. Material and methods: In the experiment, the subjects were young basketball players aged 12-13 from the Youth Sports School. 24 athletes were divided into 2 groups of 12 athletes in each group. Training was conducted 3 times a week for 6 months. The experimental group trained using the Borg scale for self-regulation of physical activity (the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) scale). A control group of schoolchildren aged 12-13 trained in parallel with the experimental group. The subjects of this group performed the exercises themselves without using subjective load control. The results of the two groups were compared with each other according to the results of special endurance tests, which were conducted before the beginning of the experimental research process and after its completion. Results: The use of the method of subjective regulation of the intensity of the load when performing exercises aimed at developing special endurance in basketball contributes to a significant increase in results compared to similar classes, but without the use of this method. Conclusion: The results obtained indicate the need to take into account subjective feelings of the severity of the work in assessing the intensity of the load in basketball training classes. For this purpose, the verbal-digital Borg scale can be used. The use of this scale will significantly help the physical education teacher to adequately dose the load when performing exercises aimed at developing special endurance in basketball.
Teachers’ preferences of teaching gymnastics in primary education: differences in length of teachers’ career levels
(Uniwersytet Humanistyczno-Przyrodniczy im. Jana Długosza : Čenstochová, 2025) Marko, Michal; Adamčák, Štefan; Slováková, Michaela; Görner, Karol
Teachers (educators) maintain the misunderstanding that teaching gymnastics in primary education is full of challenges (risks, complications). Regardless of whether you are a beginner and/or an experienced teacher in primary education, leading students (pupils) to mastering gymnastics may be challenging. Because many gaps remain in literature, in terms of Slovak scale (to the best of the authors' knowledge), the present study was aimed at analyzing and comparing teachers' preferences of teaching gymnastics in primary education. A 3-question survey (teachers' preferences of teaching gymnastics) was carried out during 18 weeks (June 1 – September 30, 2023), aiming at 1246 (100%) teachers in primary education: (i) Beginning teachers (490, 39.32%); (ii) Experienced teachers (756, 60.68%). Descriptive (percentage – %, arithmetic mean – x)̄ and inferential (chi-square test – χ2) statistics was used to evaluate the data (Ibm Spss Modeler). 30.50% (380) of teachers in primary education believe that teaching gymnastics (dance) is demanding, compared to outdoor adventure (108, 8.60%) (χ2(4) = 3.08 E-05; p = 26.04). 786 (62.34%) of teachers in primary education use traditional gymnastics equipment, compared to 1.92% (24) who do not teach gymnastics (at all) (χ2(3) = 19.54; p = 0.0002). 42.78% (532) of teachers in primary education believe that material equipment (available) in teaching gymnastics in sufficient, compared to 20.14% (250) who take the opposite view (insufficient) (χ2(3) = 0.64; p= 1.68). Despite the challenges, incorporating gymnastics in primary education may offer advantages, in particular, developing coordination and balance, fostering teamwork and cooperation. Adequate preparation and access to resources may help teachers navigate the challenges of teaching gymnastics and provide learning experiences.
Teaching winter sports in primary schools through innovative teaching materials
(Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, 2024) Michal, Jiří; Nemec, Miroslav; Adamčák, Štefan; Straňavská, Stanislava
The aim of the study is to provide information on how primary school teachers perceive the quality, conditions and possibilities of professional education in the field of winter sports teaching. We focused our findings on a sample of 229 respondents in order to obtain an answer to the questions, in particular, whether the opinions of men and women differ regarding the need for professional education for teaching winter sports and what is their demand for a possible innovation of teaching materials for teaching winter sports. Through statistical analysis (Chi-square), we found that there is a significant difference in the approach to this field between male and female teachers, especially from the point of view of interest in further education, in the way of obtaining new information and knowledge, and also in the demand for the format of study material. From the point of view of teachers’ requests for a possible innovation of teaching materials for teaching winter sports, we found that there was a significant group of respondents (22.94 %) who have a negative attitude towards this area (the answer is "I don’t need"). Of course, the remaining part of the teachers want innovation to take place in this area as well and they present the demand that the teaching formats in particular be adapted to the current modern information and communication age, and they request that the transfer of information from the content of the curriculum be transformed into a mobile environment.

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